MVP: AILang-Sprache mit JSON-AST, Typchecker, LLVM-IR-Backend

Erste lauffähige Iteration. examples/sum.ail.json wird zu nativem Binary
kompiliert und druckt 55 (Summe 1..10) als End-to-End-Test.

Architektur:
- ailang-core: hashbares JSON-AST + canonical-form + pretty-printer
- ailang-check: monomorpher HM-Subset + Effekt-Set-Tracking
- ailang-codegen: LLVM-IR-Text-Emitter (kein libllvm-link)
- ail: CLI mit check/manifest/render/describe/emit-ir/build/builtins

Designentscheidungen sind in docs/DESIGN.md dokumentiert; der Verlauf
in docs/JOURNAL.md.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

crates/ailang-core/src/ast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+//! AST-Knoten. Serde-Layout entspricht dem JSON-Schema in `docs/DESIGN.md`.
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Module {
+    pub schema: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub imports: Vec<Import>,
+    pub defs: Vec<Def>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Import {
+    pub module: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "as", default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub alias: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Def {
+    Fn(FnDef),
+    Const(ConstDef),
+}
+
+impl Def {
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Def::Fn(f) => &f.name,
+            Def::Const(c) => &c.name,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct FnDef {
+    pub name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub ty: Type,
+    pub params: Vec<String>,
+    pub body: Term,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub doc: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ConstDef {
+    pub name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub ty: Type,
+    pub value: Term,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub doc: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "t", rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Term {
+    Lit { lit: Literal },
+    Var { name: String },
+    App {
+        #[serde(rename = "fn")]
+        callee: Box<Term>,
+        args: Vec<Term>,
+    },
+    Let {
+        name: String,
+        value: Box<Term>,
+        body: Box<Term>,
+    },
+    If {
+        cond: Box<Term>,
+        then: Box<Term>,
+        #[serde(rename = "else")]
+        else_: Box<Term>,
+    },
+    Do {
+        op: String,
+        args: Vec<Term>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Literal {
+    Int { value: i64 },
+    Bool { value: bool },
+    Unit,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "k", rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Type {
+    Con {
+        name: String,
+    },
+    Fn {
+        params: Vec<Type>,
+        ret: Box<Type>,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        effects: Vec<String>,
+    },
+    Var {
+        name: String,
+    },
+    Forall {
+        vars: Vec<String>,
+        body: Box<Type>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Type {
+    pub fn int() -> Type {
+        Type::Con { name: "Int".into() }
+    }
+    pub fn bool_() -> Type {
+        Type::Con { name: "Bool".into() }
+    }
+    pub fn unit() -> Type {
+        Type::Con { name: "Unit".into() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Type {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Type::Con { name: a }, Type::Con { name: b }) => a == b,
+            (
+                Type::Fn { params: ap, ret: ar, effects: ae },
+                Type::Fn { params: bp, ret: br, effects: be },
+            ) => {
+                ap == bp && ar == br && {
+                    let mut a = ae.clone();
+                    let mut b = be.clone();
+                    a.sort();
+                    b.sort();
+                    a == b
+                }
+            }
+            (Type::Var { name: a }, Type::Var { name: b }) => a == b,
+            (
+                Type::Forall { vars: a, body: ab },
+                Type::Forall { vars: b, body: bb },
+            ) => a == b && ab == bb,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl Eq for Type {}

crates/ailang-core/src/canonical.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//! Kanonische JSON-Serialisierung.
+//!
+//! Schreibt JSON ohne Whitespace und mit lexikographisch sortierten Object-Keys.
+//! Damit ist die Repräsentation deterministisch und für Hashing geeignet.
+
+use std::io::Write;
+
+/// Kanonische Bytes für ein beliebiges Serializable-Objekt.
+pub fn to_bytes<T: serde::Serialize>(value: &T) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let v = serde_json::to_value(value).expect("serializable");
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    write_value(&v, &mut out).expect("write to Vec");
+    out
+}
+
+fn write_value(v: &serde_json::Value, out: &mut Vec<u8>) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    use serde_json::Value;
+    match v {
+        Value::Null => out.write_all(b"null"),
+        Value::Bool(true) => out.write_all(b"true"),
+        Value::Bool(false) => out.write_all(b"false"),
+        Value::Number(n) => out.write_all(n.to_string().as_bytes()),
+        Value::String(s) => {
+            let escaped = serde_json::to_string(s).expect("string serializable");
+            out.write_all(escaped.as_bytes())
+        }
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            out.write_all(b"[")?;
+            for (i, item) in arr.iter().enumerate() {
+                if i > 0 {
+                    out.write_all(b",")?;
+                }
+                write_value(item, out)?;
+            }
+            out.write_all(b"]")
+        }
+        Value::Object(map) => {
+            let mut keys: Vec<&String> = map.keys().collect();
+            keys.sort();
+            out.write_all(b"{")?;
+            for (i, k) in keys.iter().enumerate() {
+                if i > 0 {
+                    out.write_all(b",")?;
+                }
+                let kj = serde_json::to_string(k).expect("key serializable");
+                out.write_all(kj.as_bytes())?;
+                out.write_all(b":")?;
+                write_value(&map[*k], out)?;
+            }
+            out.write_all(b"}")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sorts_keys() {
+        let v = json!({ "b": 1, "a": 2 });
+        let bytes = to_bytes(&v);
+        assert_eq!(std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).unwrap(), r#"{"a":2,"b":1}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nested_keys_sorted() {
+        let v = json!({ "z": { "y": 1, "x": [3, { "b": 2, "a": 1 }] } });
+        let bytes = to_bytes(&v);
+        assert_eq!(
+            std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).unwrap(),
+            r#"{"z":{"x":[3,{"a":1,"b":2}],"y":1}}"#
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_whitespace() {
+        let v = json!({ "a": 1, "b": [1, 2, 3] });
+        let bytes = to_bytes(&v);
+        let s = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!s.contains(' '));
+        assert!(!s.contains('\n'));
+    }
+}

crates/ailang-core/src/hash.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//! Content-addressed Hashing für Definitionen.
+//!
+//! Hash = BLAKE3 über die kanonische JSON-Form (siehe `canonical`).
+//! Das `hash`-Feld in der Eingabe wird vor dem Hashen entfernt.
+
+use crate::ast::Def;
+use crate::canonical;
+
+/// 16-Hex-Zeichen (64 bit) Prefix des BLAKE3-Hashes.
+/// Reicht für Eindeutigkeit innerhalb realistischer Codebases und ist
+/// kompakt genug für visuelle Inspektion.
+pub fn def_hash(def: &Def) -> String {
+    let bytes = canonical::to_bytes(def);
+    let h = blake3::hash(&bytes);
+    let hex = h.to_hex();
+    hex.as_str()[..16].to_string()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::ast::*;
+
+    fn sample_fn() -> Def {
+        Def::Fn(FnDef {
+            name: "add".into(),
+            ty: Type::Fn {
+                params: vec![Type::int(), Type::int()],
+                ret: Box::new(Type::int()),
+                effects: vec![],
+            },
+            params: vec!["a".into(), "b".into()],
+            body: Term::App {
+                callee: Box::new(Term::Var { name: "+".into() }),
+                args: vec![
+                    Term::Var { name: "a".into() },
+                    Term::Var { name: "b".into() },
+                ],
+            },
+            doc: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hash_is_stable() {
+        let h1 = def_hash(&sample_fn());
+        let h2 = def_hash(&sample_fn());
+        assert_eq!(h1, h2);
+        assert_eq!(h1.len(), 16);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hash_changes_with_content() {
+        let mut def = sample_fn();
+        let h1 = def_hash(&def);
+        if let Def::Fn(ref mut f) = def {
+            f.name = "mul".into();
+        }
+        let h2 = def_hash(&def);
+        assert_ne!(h1, h2);
+    }
+}

crates/ailang-core/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! AILang Kerndatenmodell.
+//!
+//! Quelle einer AILang-Übersetzungseinheit ist ein `Module` als JSON. Dieses
+//! Crate definiert das Schema, Serialisierung und content-addressed Hashing.
+
+pub mod ast;
+pub mod canonical;
+pub mod hash;
+pub mod pretty;
+
+pub use ast::{ConstDef, Def, FnDef, Import, Literal, Module, Term, Type};
+pub use hash::def_hash;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum Error {
+    #[error("schema mismatch: expected {expected:?}, got {got:?}")]
+    SchemaMismatch { expected: String, got: String },
+
+    #[error("json: {0}")]
+    Json(#[from] serde_json::Error),
+
+    #[error("io: {0}")]
+    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+}
+
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+pub const SCHEMA: &str = "ailang/v0";
+
+pub fn load_module(path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<Module> {
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(path)?;
+    let module: Module = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes)?;
+    if module.schema != SCHEMA {
+        return Err(Error::SchemaMismatch {
+            expected: SCHEMA.to_string(),
+            got: module.schema,
+        });
+    }
+    Ok(module)
+}

crates/ailang-core/src/pretty.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+//! Pretty-Printer: AST → menschenlesbare Textform.
+//!
+//! Die Textform ist als Diff- und Review-Werkzeug gedacht. Die
+//! kanonische Quelle bleibt die JSON-Form. Jede pretty-Ausgabe ist
+//! deterministisch.
+
+use crate::ast::*;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+pub fn module(m: &Module) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::new();
+    writeln!(s, "(module {}", m.name).unwrap();
+    if !m.imports.is_empty() {
+        for imp in &m.imports {
+            match &imp.alias {
+                Some(a) => writeln!(s, "  (import {} as {})", imp.module, a).unwrap(),
+                None => writeln!(s, "  (import {})", imp.module).unwrap(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (i, def) in m.defs.iter().enumerate() {
+        if i > 0 {
+            s.push('\n');
+        }
+        let body = def_block(def, 2);
+        s.push_str(&body);
+        s.push('\n');
+    }
+    s.push(')');
+    s.push('\n');
+    s
+}
+
+pub fn manifest(m: &Module) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::new();
+    writeln!(s, "module {}", m.name).unwrap();
+    let max_name = m.defs.iter().map(|d| d.name().len()).max().unwrap_or(0);
+    for def in &m.defs {
+        let h = crate::hash::def_hash(def);
+        let (kw, ty) = match def {
+            Def::Fn(f) => ("fn", type_to_string(&f.ty)),
+            Def::Const(c) => ("const", type_to_string(&c.ty)),
+        };
+        writeln!(
+            s,
+            "  {kw:5} {name:<width$} :: {ty}    [{h}]",
+            kw = kw,
+            name = def.name(),
+            width = max_name,
+            ty = ty,
+            h = h,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+    s
+}
+
+fn def_block(def: &Def, indent: usize) -> String {
+    let pad = " ".repeat(indent);
+    match def {
+        Def::Fn(f) => {
+            let params = if f.params.is_empty() {
+                "[]".to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("[{}]", f.params.join(" "))
+            };
+            let mut s = format!(
+                "{pad}(fn {name} :: {ty} {params}\n",
+                pad = pad,
+                name = f.name,
+                ty = type_to_string(&f.ty),
+                params = params,
+            );
+            s.push_str(&term_block(&f.body, indent + 2));
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+        Def::Const(c) => {
+            let mut s = format!(
+                "{pad}(const {name} :: {ty}\n",
+                pad = pad,
+                name = c.name,
+                ty = type_to_string(&c.ty),
+            );
+            s.push_str(&term_block(&c.value, indent + 2));
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn term_block(t: &Term, indent: usize) -> String {
+    let pad = " ".repeat(indent);
+    match t {
+        Term::Lit { lit } => format!("{pad}{}", lit_to_string(lit)),
+        Term::Var { name } => format!("{pad}{name}"),
+        Term::App { callee, args } => {
+            let mut s = format!("{pad}(");
+            s.push_str(&term_inline(callee));
+            for a in args {
+                s.push(' ');
+                s.push_str(&term_inline(a));
+            }
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+        Term::Let { name, value, body } => {
+            let mut s = format!("{pad}(let {name}\n");
+            s.push_str(&term_block(value, indent + 2));
+            s.push('\n');
+            s.push_str(&term_block(body, indent + 2));
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+        Term::If { cond, then, else_ } => {
+            let mut s = format!("{pad}(if\n");
+            s.push_str(&term_block(cond, indent + 2));
+            s.push('\n');
+            s.push_str(&term_block(then, indent + 2));
+            s.push('\n');
+            s.push_str(&term_block(else_, indent + 2));
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+        Term::Do { op, args } => {
+            let mut s = format!("{pad}(do {op}");
+            for a in args {
+                s.push(' ');
+                s.push_str(&term_inline(a));
+            }
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn term_inline(t: &Term) -> String {
+    match t {
+        Term::Lit { lit } => lit_to_string(lit),
+        Term::Var { name } => name.clone(),
+        Term::App { callee, args } => {
+            let mut s = String::from("(");
+            s.push_str(&term_inline(callee));
+            for a in args {
+                s.push(' ');
+                s.push_str(&term_inline(a));
+            }
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+        Term::Do { op, args } => {
+            let mut s = format!("(do {op}");
+            for a in args {
+                s.push(' ');
+                s.push_str(&term_inline(a));
+            }
+            s.push(')');
+            s
+        }
+        // Strukturelle Terms in Inline-Form rekursiv schwer; fallback:
+        Term::Let { name, value, body } => {
+            format!(
+                "(let {name} {} {})",
+                term_inline(value),
+                term_inline(body)
+            )
+        }
+        Term::If { cond, then, else_ } => {
+            format!(
+                "(if {} {} {})",
+                term_inline(cond),
+                term_inline(then),
+                term_inline(else_)
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn lit_to_string(l: &Literal) -> String {
+    match l {
+        Literal::Int { value } => value.to_string(),
+        Literal::Bool { value } => value.to_string(),
+        Literal::Unit => "()".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn type_to_string(t: &Type) -> String {
+    match t {
+        Type::Con { name } => name.clone(),
+        Type::Var { name } => name.clone(),
+        Type::Fn { params, ret, effects } => {
+            let p = params
+                .iter()
+                .map(type_to_string)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            let eff = if effects.is_empty() {
+                String::new()
+            } else {
+                format!(" !{}", effects.join(","))
+            };
+            format!("({p}) -> {ret}{eff}", ret = type_to_string(ret))
+        }
+        Type::Forall { vars, body } => {
+            format!("forall {}. {}", vars.join(" "), type_to_string(body))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn sample_module() -> Module {
+        Module {
+            schema: crate::SCHEMA.into(),
+            name: "sample".into(),
+            imports: vec![],
+            defs: vec![
+                Def::Fn(FnDef {
+                    name: "add".into(),
+                    ty: Type::Fn {
+                        params: vec![Type::int(), Type::int()],
+                        ret: Box::new(Type::int()),
+                        effects: vec![],
+                    },
+                    params: vec!["a".into(), "b".into()],
+                    body: Term::App {
+                        callee: Box::new(Term::Var { name: "+".into() }),
+                        args: vec![
+                            Term::Var { name: "a".into() },
+                            Term::Var { name: "b".into() },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                    doc: None,
+                }),
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pretty_print_does_not_panic() {
+        let s = module(&sample_module());
+        assert!(s.contains("(module sample"));
+        assert!(s.contains("(fn add"));
+        assert!(s.contains("(+ a b)"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_contains_type_and_hash() {
+        let s = manifest(&sample_module());
+        assert!(s.contains("add"));
+        assert!(s.contains("(Int, Int) -> Int"));
+    }
+}