Iter 4a: ail check --json mit strukturierten Diagnostics

Neue Top-Level-API check_module(&Module) -> Vec<Diagnostic> in
ailang-check, plus stabile Codes (unbound-var, type-mismatch,
arity-mismatch, non-exhaustive-match, unknown-ctor-in-pattern,
duplicate-def, …). CLI bekommt --json-Flag für maschinenlesbares
Output, Exit 1 bei Errors. Text-Modus unverändert. E2E-Test
check_json_unbound_var sichert das Format ab.

examples/broken_unbound.ail.json

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "schema": "ailang/v0",
+  "name": "broken_unbound",
+  "imports": [],
+  "defs": [
+    {
+      "kind": "fn",
+      "name": "main",
+      "type": {
+        "k": "fn",
+        "params": [],
+        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
+        "effects": []
+      },
+      "params": [],
+      "doc": "Referenziert eine nicht-existente Variable -> unbound-var.",
+      "body": { "t": "var", "name": "does_not_exist" }
+    }
+  ]
+}