diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 8e42608..734c2ce 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -2,8 +2,13 @@
 
 AILang's only author is an LLM, not a human. It is designed for:
 
-- **Machine readability over human readability.** Source of truth is 
-  structured data (`.ail.json`), not text.
+- **Machine readability over human readability.** The canonical,
+  hashable, content-addressed form is structured data (`.ail.json`);
+  the authoring projection is Form A (`.ail`). Authors write `.ail`;
+  the build derives the JSON-AST in-process via
+  `ailang_surface::parse`, gated by the round-trip invariant. The
+  two forms are byte-isomorphic — picking either does not change
+  the identity of the module.
 - **Local reasoning.** Every definition carries its full type and
   effect set, so a signature can be trusted without reading the body.
 - **Provability.** Pure core, explicit algebraic effects.
diff --git a/bench/compile_check.py b/bench/compile_check.py
index 4b94a7d..467e72a 100755
--- a/bench/compile_check.py
+++ b/bench/compile_check.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ EXAMPLES = ROOT / "examples"
 
 # Curated corpus. Pinned by name so the baseline keys are stable across
 # example-directory churn. Each entry must have a corresponding
-# `<name>.ail.json` under examples/.
+# `<name>.ail` under examples/.
 CORPUS = [
     # Surface coverage: each fixture exercises a different feature set.
     "hello",                    # IO baseline
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def measure(num_runs: int) -> dict[str, dict[str, float]]:
 
     try:
         for fixture in CORPUS:
-            src = EXAMPLES / f"{fixture}.ail.json"
+            src = EXAMPLES / f"{fixture}.ail"
             if not src.is_file():
                 print(f"missing fixture: {src}", file=sys.stderr)
                 sys.exit(2)
diff --git a/bench/cross_lang.py b/bench/cross_lang.py
index 683a135..81e0eb3 100755
--- a/bench/cross_lang.py
+++ b/bench/cross_lang.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ REFERENCE = ROOT / "bench" / "reference"
 OUTDIR = ROOT / "target" / "cross_lang"
 
 # (ailang fixture stem, C reference stem) — both must exist as
-# `examples/<ail>.ail.json` and `bench/reference/<c>.c`.
+# `examples/<ail>.ail` and `bench/reference/<c>.c`.
 CORPUS = [
     ("bench_list_sum",          "list_sum"),
     ("bench_tree_walk",         "tree_walk"),
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def median_drop_slowest(runs: list[float]) -> float:
 
 
 def build_ailang(stem: str, alloc: str) -> Path:
-    src = EXAMPLES / f"{stem}.ail.json"
+    src = EXAMPLES / f"{stem}.ail"
     if not src.is_file():
         print(f"missing AILang fixture: {src}", file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(2)
diff --git a/bench/mono_dispatch.py b/bench/mono_dispatch.py
index c7007ad..faa24d7 100755
--- a/bench/mono_dispatch.py
+++ b/bench/mono_dispatch.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #
 # What this harness measures:
 #   - AILang mono'd binary at -O2 --alloc=rc on
-#     examples/bench_mono_dispatch.ail.json
+#     examples/bench_mono_dispatch.ail
 #   - Hand-C reference, three variants:
 #       direct-inlinable   — foo() inlinable, direct call
 #       direct-noinline    — foo() noinline, direct call
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def main() -> int:
     ail_bin = OUTDIR / "bench_mono_dispatch_ail"
     subprocess.run(
         [str(AIL), "build", "--opt=-O2", "--alloc=rc",
-         str(EXAMPLES / "bench_mono_dispatch.ail.json"), "-o", str(ail_bin)],
+         str(EXAMPLES / "bench_mono_dispatch.ail"), "-o", str(ail_bin)],
         check=True, capture_output=True,
     )
 
diff --git a/bench/orchestrator-stats/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.json b/bench/orchestrator-stats/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.json
index dfe0499..4f7e034 100644
--- a/bench/orchestrator-stats/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.json
+++ b/bench/orchestrator-stats/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.json
@@ -3,28 +3,71 @@
   "date": "2026-05-13",
   "mode": "standard",
   "outcome": "DONE",
-  "task_range": [1, 5],
-  "tasks_total": 5,
-  "tasks_completed": 5,
-  "reloops_per_task": {
-    "1": 0,
-    "2": 1,
-    "3": 0,
-    "4": 0,
-    "5": 0
-  },
-  "review_loops_spec": 0,
-  "review_loops_quality": 0,
+  "tasks_total": 12,
+  "tasks_completed": 12,
+  "dispatches": [
+    {
+      "task_range": [1, 5],
+      "outcome": "DONE",
+      "reloops_per_task": {
+        "1": 0,
+        "2": 1,
+        "3": 0,
+        "4": 0,
+        "5": 0
+      },
+      "review_loops_spec": 0,
+      "review_loops_quality": 0,
+      "notes": "Plan recon defect: load_workspace prefers .ail siblings since ext-cli.1, so bulk-render of .ail siblings broke 7 Group-A tests whose entry was .ail.json. Inline forward-pull of Task-3 migrations + 4 transient #[ignore]'s on workspace.rs mod tests (relocated cleanly in Task 5).",
+      "test_count_pre_dispatch": 558,
+      "test_count_post_dispatch": 560,
+      "test_count_ignored_post_dispatch": 4
+    },
+    {
+      "task_range": [6, 12],
+      "outcome": "DONE",
+      "reloops_per_task": {
+        "6": 0,
+        "7": 1,
+        "8": 1,
+        "9": 0,
+        "10": 0,
+        "11": 0,
+        "12": 0
+      },
+      "review_loops_spec": 0,
+      "review_loops_quality": 0,
+      "notes": {
+        "task7_reloop": "ail_run_accepts_ail_source_with_same_stdout_as_ail_json initial re-author used tempfile-with-PID-suffix path; loader name-checks module-name-vs-file-stem and rejected. Repaired to use per-process tempdir with hello.ail.json as basename.",
+        "task8_reloop": "Pre-T8 cargo-test green pre-deletion required pulling forward 20 stale-.ail.json-reference repairs that T1-5 missed: 12 `let example = X.ail.json` Group-B sites in e2e.rs + 5 ailang_core::load_workspace Group-A sites in e2e.rs + 3 ail_run Group-B sites in typeclass_22b3.rs. Post-deletion failure in schema_coverage required pulling T9 Step 5 (corpus flip + ailang_surface::load_module switch) forward into T8."
+      },
+      "test_count_pre_dispatch": 560,
+      "test_count_post_dispatch": 557,
+      "test_count_ignored_post_dispatch": 3,
+      "test_count_retired": "1 (T7: render_parse_round_trip_canonical) + 3 (T9: print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture, every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart, cli_render_then_parse_preserves_canonical_bytes_on_every_fixture) = 4 total. Net: 560 + 1 (un-ignore carve_out_inventory) - 4 retired = 557."
+    }
+  ],
   "blocked_reason": null,
-  "notes": {
-    "task2_reloop": "Plan recon defect: load_workspace prefers .ail siblings since ext-cli.1, so bulk-render of .ail siblings broke 7 Group-A tests whose entry was .ail.json. Inline forward-pull of Task-3 migrations + 4 transient #[ignore]'s on workspace.rs mod tests (relocated cleanly in Task 5).",
+  "iter_totals": {
     "test_count_pre_iter": 558,
-    "test_count_post_iter_half": 560,
-    "test_count_ignored_post_iter_half": 4,
-    "test_count_ignored_breakdown": "1 carve_out_inventory (T8 un-ignores) + 3 doctests (pre-existing)",
+    "test_count_post_iter": 557,
+    "test_count_ignored_post_iter": 3,
     "corpus_ail_pre_iter": 58,
-    "corpus_ail_post_iter_half": 157,
-    "corpus_ail_json_post_iter_half": 164,
-    "corpus_ail_json_target_post_T8": 8
+    "corpus_ail_post_iter": 157,
+    "corpus_ail_json_pre_iter": 164,
+    "corpus_ail_json_post_iter": 8,
+    "carve_outs": [
+      "broken_unbound.ail.json",
+      "prelude.ail.json",
+      "test_22b2_invalid_superclass_param.ail.json",
+      "test_22b2_kind_mismatch.ail.json",
+      "test_22b2_unbound_constraint_var.ail.json",
+      "test_ct1_bad_qualifier.ail.json",
+      "test_ct1_bare_xmod_rejected.ail.json",
+      "test_ct1_qualified_class_rejected.ail.json"
+    ],
+    "milestone_closed": "Form-A as the default authoring surface",
+    "bench_compile_check_exit": 0,
+    "bench_cross_lang_exit": 0
   }
 }
diff --git a/bench/run.sh b/bench/run.sh
index 85baef0..4ca20e1 100755
--- a/bench/run.sh
+++ b/bench/run.sh
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fixtures=(bench_list_sum bench_tree_walk bench_closure_chain bench_hof_pipeline
 modes=(gc bump rc)
 echo ">>> compiling fixtures (-O2)"
 for f in "${fixtures[@]}"; do
-    src="$ROOT/examples/$f.ail.json"
+    src="$ROOT/examples/$f.ail"
     [[ -f "$src" ]] || { echo "missing fixture: $src" >&2; exit 1; }
     for m in "${modes[@]}"; do
         bin="$OUTDIR/${f}_${m}"
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ done
 # was added in 18f.2 and may not exist on older branches that share
 # this script).
 LAT_HARNESS="$ROOT/bench/latency_harness.py"
-LAT_IMPL_SRC="$ROOT/examples/bench_latency_implicit.ail.json"
-LAT_EXPL_SRC="$ROOT/examples/bench_latency_explicit.ail.json"
+LAT_IMPL_SRC="$ROOT/examples/bench_latency_implicit.ail"
+LAT_EXPL_SRC="$ROOT/examples/bench_latency_explicit.ail"
 if [[ -x "$LAT_HARNESS" && -f "$LAT_IMPL_SRC" && -f "$LAT_EXPL_SRC" ]]; then
     echo
     echo ">>> latency bench (PTY inter-arrival, 1000 samples per arm)"
diff --git a/crates/ail/tests/e2e.rs b/crates/ail/tests/e2e.rs
index 538cd65..8dbfa31 100644
--- a/crates/ail/tests/e2e.rs
+++ b/crates/ail/tests/e2e.rs
@@ -406,48 +406,12 @@ fn std_list_stress_1000_element_folds() {
     );
 }
 
-/// Iter 15e: `ail render | ail parse` round-trips canonical bytes.
-/// Property protected: the CLI's `render` is the exact inverse of
-/// `parse`, not the older human-pretty form. Regression of this
-/// would mean piping `render` into `parse` no longer yields a
-/// re-loadable module — a contract the help text now claims.
-///
-/// Picks `std_either.ail.json` (richest fixture: 2-type-var data,
-/// 3-type-var fn, recursive ctors irrelevant) but the round-trip
-/// test in `ailang-surface` covers all 25 fixtures structurally.
-/// This test specifically exercises the CLI shell pipeline.
-#[test]
-fn render_parse_round_trip_canonical() {
-    let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
-    let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
-    let src = workspace.join("examples").join("std_either.ail.json");
-    let original = std::fs::read(&src).expect("read fixture");
-
-    let render = Command::new(ail_bin())
-        .args(["render", src.to_str().unwrap()])
-        .output()
-        .expect("run ail render");
-    assert!(render.status.success(), "ail render failed");
-
-    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ailang_render_e2e_{}.ail", std::process::id()));
-    std::fs::write(&tmp, &render.stdout).expect("write rendered ail");
-
-    let parsed = Command::new(ail_bin())
-        .args(["parse", tmp.to_str().unwrap()])
-        .output()
-        .expect("run ail parse");
-    assert!(parsed.status.success(), "ail parse failed on rendered output");
-
-    let mut round = parsed.stdout;
-    while round.last() == Some(&b'\n') {
-        round.pop();
-    }
-    let mut orig = original;
-    while orig.last() == Some(&b'\n') {
-        orig.pop();
-    }
-    assert_eq!(orig, round, "render | parse must produce canonical bytes");
-}
+// Retired iter form-a.1 T7: `render_parse_round_trip_canonical` raw-read
+// `std_either.ail.json` for the byte-roundtrip. The property it pinned
+// (CLI render→parse byte-roundtrip) is now pinned across the entire
+// `.ail` corpus by `cli_parse_then_render_then_parse_is_idempotent` in
+// `crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs` (added in T1), which is strictly
+// stronger (whole-corpus vs. one-fixture).
 
 /// Iter 16a: nested constructor patterns. Property protected:
 /// `ailang_core::desugar` flattens `Cons a (Cons b _)` to a chain of
@@ -698,12 +662,33 @@ fn nested_let_rec_demo() {
 fn diff_detects_changed_def() {
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
-    let src_a = workspace.join("examples").join("sum.ail.json");
 
-    // Variant: load sum.ail.json, mutate the `then` branch (1 instead of 0)
+    // Form-A migration (iter form-a.1): derive the canonical JSON-AST
+    // from `sum.ail` via `ail parse` rather than reading a pre-existing
+    // `sum.ail.json` (which no longer exists post-iter). The variant is
+    // produced by mutating the parsed AST and writing it back as a JSON
+    // tempfile; `ail diff` runs against the two JSON tempfiles.
+    let tmp_a = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+        "ailang_diff_src_{}.ail.json",
+        std::process::id()
+    ));
+    let parse_status = Command::new(ail_bin())
+        .args([
+            "parse",
+            workspace.join("examples").join("sum.ail").to_str().unwrap(),
+            "-o",
+            tmp_a.to_str().unwrap(),
+        ])
+        .status()
+        .expect("ail parse failed to run");
+    assert!(parse_status.success(), "ail parse failed on sum.ail");
+    let src_a = tmp_a.clone();
+
+    // Variant: load the derived JSON, mutate the `then` branch (1 instead of 0)
     // in the `sum` definition. `main` stays bit-identical.
-    let raw = std::fs::read(&src_a).expect("read sum.ail.json");
-    let mut module: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&raw).expect("parse sum.ail.json");
+    let raw = std::fs::read(&src_a).expect("read derived sum.ail.json");
+    let mut module: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_slice(&raw).expect("parse derived sum.ail.json");
     {
         let defs = module
             .get_mut("defs")
@@ -1305,13 +1290,30 @@ fn unreachable_demo() {
 ///     wrappers, and the binary prints `3` then `6`.
 #[test]
 fn borrow_own_demo_modes_are_metadata_only() {
-    // Sanity-check (2): the on-disk JSON contains `param_modes`
+    // Sanity-check (2): the canonical JSON contains `param_modes`
     // tokens for both fns. If the schema regressed and the field
     // were dropped, this would fail before the binary even runs.
+    //
+    // Form-A migration (iter form-a.1): derive the JSON via `ail parse`
+    // on `borrow_own_demo.ail` rather than reading a pre-existing
+    // `.ail.json` (deleted post-iter).
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
-    let json_path = workspace.join("examples").join("borrow_own_demo.ail.json");
-    let json = std::fs::read_to_string(&json_path).expect("read borrow_own_demo.ail.json");
+    let tmp_json = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+        "ailang_borrow_own_demo_{}.ail.json",
+        std::process::id()
+    ));
+    let parse_status = Command::new(ail_bin())
+        .args([
+            "parse",
+            workspace.join("examples").join("borrow_own_demo.ail").to_str().unwrap(),
+            "-o",
+            tmp_json.to_str().unwrap(),
+        ])
+        .status()
+        .expect("ail parse failed to run");
+    assert!(parse_status.success(), "ail parse failed on borrow_own_demo.ail");
+    let json = std::fs::read_to_string(&tmp_json).expect("read derived borrow_own_demo.ail.json");
     assert!(
         json.contains("\"param_modes\":[\"borrow\"]"),
         "expected `param_modes:[\"borrow\"]` in canonical JSON; the schema for `(borrow T)` regressed"
@@ -1359,7 +1361,7 @@ fn eq_demo() {
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_produces_same_stdout_as_gc() {
     // Pick a fixture with non-trivial allocation: list-building + match.
-    let example = "list.ail.json";
+    let example = "list.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc, stdout_rc, "alloc=rc must match alloc=gc");
@@ -1405,8 +1407,26 @@ fn clone_demo_is_identity_in_18c1() {
 fn reuse_as_demo_under_rc_uses_inplace_rewrite() {
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
-    let json_path = workspace.join("examples").join("reuse_as_demo.ail.json");
-    let json = std::fs::read_to_string(&json_path).expect("read reuse_as_demo.ail.json");
+    let ail_path = workspace.join("examples").join("reuse_as_demo.ail");
+
+    // Form-A migration (iter form-a.1): derive the canonical JSON-AST
+    // via `ail parse` on `reuse_as_demo.ail` rather than reading a
+    // pre-existing `.ail.json` (deleted post-iter).
+    let tmp_json = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+        "ailang_reuse_as_demo_{}.ail.json",
+        std::process::id()
+    ));
+    let parse_status = Command::new(ail_bin())
+        .args([
+            "parse",
+            ail_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+            "-o",
+            tmp_json.to_str().unwrap(),
+        ])
+        .status()
+        .expect("ail parse failed to run");
+    assert!(parse_status.success(), "ail parse failed on reuse_as_demo.ail");
+    let json = std::fs::read_to_string(&tmp_json).expect("read derived reuse_as_demo.ail.json");
     assert!(
         json.contains("\"t\":\"reuse-as\""),
         "expected `\"t\":\"reuse-as\"` in canonical JSON; the schema for `(reuse-as ...)` regressed"
@@ -1422,8 +1442,10 @@ fn reuse_as_demo_under_rc_uses_inplace_rewrite() {
 
     // (5) Inspect the rc IR text. We re-lower via the codegen API
     //     directly so the assertion runs without depending on the
-    //     filesystem layout of `ail build`'s tmpdir.
-    let ws = ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
+    //     filesystem layout of `ail build`'s tmpdir. Use the
+    //     extension-dispatching `ailang_surface::load_workspace` so
+    //     the `.ail` entry is accepted.
+    let ws = ailang_surface::load_workspace(&ail_path).expect("load workspace");
     let mut lifted_modules = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
     for (mname, m) in &ws.modules {
         let desugared = ailang_core::desugar::desugar_module(m);
@@ -1496,7 +1518,7 @@ fn reuse_as_demo_under_rc_uses_inplace_rewrite() {
 /// invariant: stdout must be byte-identical to the `gc` build.
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_matches_gc_on_std_list_demo() {
-    let example = "std_list_demo.ail.json";
+    let example = "std_list_demo.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(
@@ -1531,7 +1553,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_matches_gc_on_std_list_demo() {
 /// this iter.
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_emits_dec_for_unique_let_bound_box() {
-    let example = "rc_box_drop.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_box_drop.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc.trim(), "42");
@@ -1557,7 +1579,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_emits_dec_for_unique_let_bound_box() {
 /// the dec path itself.
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_recursive_list_sum() {
-    let example = "rc_list_drop.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_list_drop.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc.trim(), "15");
@@ -1602,7 +1624,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_recursive_list_sum() {
 ///      pattern-binder dec.
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_borrow_only_recursive_list_drop() {
-    let example = "rc_list_drop_borrow.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_list_drop_borrow.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc.trim(), "11");
@@ -1622,7 +1644,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_borrow_only_recursive_list_drop() {
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
     let json_path = workspace.join("examples").join(example);
-    let ws = ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
+    let ws = ailang_surface::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
     let mut lifted_modules = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
     for (mname, m) in &ws.modules {
         let desugared = ailang_core::desugar::desugar_module(m);
@@ -1684,7 +1706,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_borrow_only_recursive_list_drop() {
 ///      `drop_<m>_Pair` call against `p`.
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_partial_drop_skips_moved_keeps_wildcarded() {
-    let example = "pat_extract_partial_drop.ail.json";
+    let example = "pat_extract_partial_drop.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc.trim(), "6");
@@ -1698,7 +1720,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_partial_drop_skips_moved_keeps_wildcarded() {
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
     let json_path = workspace.join("examples").join(example);
-    let ws = ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
+    let ws = ailang_surface::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
     let mut lifted_modules = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
     for (mname, m) in &ws.modules {
         let desugared = ailang_core::desugar::desugar_module(m);
@@ -1774,7 +1796,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_partial_drop_skips_moved_keeps_wildcarded() {
 ///      that ANY drop fires.
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_own_param_dec_at_fn_return() {
-    let example = "rc_own_param_drop.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_own_param_drop.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc.trim(), "11");
@@ -1788,7 +1810,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_own_param_dec_at_fn_return() {
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
     let json_path = workspace.join("examples").join(example);
-    let ws = ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
+    let ws = ailang_surface::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
     let mut lifted_modules = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
     for (mname, m) in &ws.modules {
         let desugared = ailang_core::desugar::desugar_module(m);
@@ -1891,7 +1913,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_own_param_dec_at_fn_return() {
 ///      capacity).
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_drop_iterative_handles_million_cell_list() {
-    let example = "rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_rc.trim(), "1");
@@ -1910,11 +1932,11 @@ fn alloc_rc_drop_iterative_handles_million_cell_list() {
 /// dispatch.
 #[test]
 fn iter18e_drop_iterative_emits_worklist_body_no_self_recursion() {
-    let example = "rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail";
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
     let json_path = workspace.join("examples").join(example);
-    let ws = ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
+    let ws = ailang_surface::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
     let mut lifted_modules = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
     for (mname, m) in &ws.modules {
         let desugared = ailang_core::desugar::desugar_module(m);
@@ -1987,11 +2009,11 @@ fn iter18e_drop_iterative_emits_worklist_body_no_self_recursion() {
 /// of any on-disk fixture changes.
 #[test]
 fn iter18e_no_annotation_keeps_recursive_drop_body() {
-    let example = "rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail";
     let manifest_dir = env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
     let workspace = Path::new(manifest_dir).parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
     let json_path = workspace.join("examples").join(example);
-    let ws = ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
+    let ws = ailang_surface::load_workspace(&json_path).expect("load workspace");
     // Mutate every TypeDef in every module to clear the annotation.
     let mut modules = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
     for (mname, m) in &ws.modules {
@@ -2066,7 +2088,7 @@ fn iter18e_no_annotation_keeps_recursive_drop_body() {
 /// regression coverage — see CLAUDE.md "Bug fixes — TDD, always".
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_pattern_bind_in_implicit_fn_does_not_dec_borrowed_children() {
-    let example = "rc_pin_recurse_implicit.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_pin_recurse_implicit.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc.trim(), "0");
@@ -2294,7 +2316,7 @@ fn alloc_rc_let_binder_for_implicit_returning_app_does_not_drop() {
 /// the arm-close drop. Output matches `--alloc=gc` (`0`).
 #[test]
 fn alloc_rc_let_alias_of_implicit_param_does_not_dec_borrowed_children() {
-    let example = "rc_let_alias_implicit_param.ail.json";
+    let example = "rc_let_alias_implicit_param.ail";
     let stdout_gc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "gc");
     let stdout_rc = build_and_run_with_alloc(example, "rc");
     assert_eq!(stdout_gc.trim(), "0");
@@ -2524,11 +2546,35 @@ fn ail_check_accepts_ail_source() {
 /// counterpart. Guards against the surface→core dispatch silently
 /// rewriting the loaded `Module` (e.g. losing imports, dropping defs,
 /// re-ordering fields) — the binary semantics must be form-agnostic.
+///
+/// Form-A migration (iter form-a.1): only the eight carve-out fixtures
+/// keep `.ail.json` form on disk post-iter. To preserve the dual-form
+/// property test, derive a parallel `.ail.json` in a tempdir from
+/// `hello.ail` via `ail parse`, then build and run both forms.
 #[test]
 fn ail_run_accepts_ail_source_with_same_stdout_as_ail_json() {
     let ail_path = workspace_root().join("examples/hello.ail");
-    let json_path = workspace_root().join("examples/hello.ail.json");
     assert!(ail_path.is_file());
+
+    // The loader name-checks the module name against the file stem, so
+    // the derived JSON must be named `hello.ail.json` even in the temp
+    // location. Use a per-process tempdir to avoid races.
+    let tmpdir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+        "ailang_dual_form_{}",
+        std::process::id()
+    ));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmpdir).unwrap();
+    let json_path = tmpdir.join("hello.ail.json");
+    let parse_status = Command::new(ail_bin())
+        .args([
+            "parse",
+            ail_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+            "-o",
+            json_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+        ])
+        .status()
+        .expect("ail parse failed to run");
+    assert!(parse_status.success(), "ail parse failed on hello.ail");
     assert!(json_path.is_file());
 
     let build_and_capture = |src: &Path| -> Vec<u8> {
diff --git a/crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs b/crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs
index 6c88967..85b67c6 100644
--- a/crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs
+++ b/crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
-//! CLI roundtrip: every `examples/*.ail.json` survives
-//! `ail render` → tempfile → `ail parse` with BLAKE3 hash
-//! identity on canonical bytes.
+//! CLI-pipeline idempotency gate: every `examples/*.ail` survives
+//! `ail parse | ail render | ail parse` with byte identity on the
+//! canonical JSON output.
 //!
 //! This is the user-facing-surface defence line. Crate-internal
 //! roundtrip tests in `ailang-surface` cover the same property
 //! at the library level; this test additionally protects the
-//! `ail render` and `ail parse` CLI wrappers from drift (output
+//! `ail parse` and `ail render` CLI wrappers from drift (output
 //! formatting, exit codes, stdout framing).
 //!
 //! Pure reader: the test writes only to a `tempfile::TempDir`
 //! that lives outside the repo and is cleaned up by Drop. No
 //! committed content is mutated.
+//!
+//! Retired iter form-a.1 T9:
+//! `cli_render_then_parse_preserves_canonical_bytes_on_every_fixture`
+//! (walked `.ail.json` corpus; replaced by the corpus-flipped
+//! `cli_parse_then_render_then_parse_is_idempotent` below, added in
+//! T1). The `list_json_fixtures` helper and `roundtrip_one` helper
+//! were the only consumers of `.ail.json` walks and are retired
+//! alongside.
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Command;
@@ -28,23 +36,6 @@ fn examples_dir() -> PathBuf {
     workspace_root().join("examples")
 }
 
-fn list_json_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
-    let dir = examples_dir();
-    let mut paths: Vec<PathBuf> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("read_dir({}): {e}", dir.display()))
-        .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
-        .map(|e| e.path())
-        .filter(|p| {
-            p.file_name()
-                .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
-                .map(|n| n.ends_with(".ail.json"))
-                .unwrap_or(false)
-        })
-        .collect();
-    paths.sort();
-    paths
-}
-
 fn list_ail_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
     let dir = examples_dir();
     let mut paths: Vec<PathBuf> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
@@ -62,106 +53,6 @@ fn list_ail_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
     paths
 }
 
-fn strip_trailing_newlines(mut v: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
-    while v.last() == Some(&b'\n') {
-        v.pop();
-    }
-    v
-}
-
-/// Run the full render → parse pipeline for one fixture. Returns
-/// Ok(()) on hash-identity, Err(reason) otherwise.
-fn roundtrip_one(fixture: &Path, tmpdir: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    // Step A: load the original fixture and compute canonical bytes
-    //         (independent of how the JSON file is formatted on disk).
-    let original_module = ailang_core::load_module(fixture)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("load_module: {e}"))?;
-    let bytes_orig = ailang_core::canonical::to_bytes(&original_module);
-    let h_orig = blake3::hash(&bytes_orig);
-
-    // Step B: `ail render <fixture>` → captured stdout = ail text.
-    let render_out = Command::new(ail_bin())
-        .args(["render", fixture.to_str().unwrap()])
-        .output()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("spawn ail render: {e}"))?;
-    if !render_out.status.success() {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "ail render exit={:?}\nstderr: {}",
-            render_out.status.code(),
-            String::from_utf8_lossy(&render_out.stderr),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    // Step C: write the rendered .ail into the tempdir.
-    let stem = fixture
-        .file_name()
-        .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
-        .and_then(|n| n.strip_suffix(".ail.json"))
-        .unwrap_or("fixture");
-    let tmp_ail = tmpdir.join(format!("{stem}.round.ail"));
-    std::fs::write(&tmp_ail, &render_out.stdout)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("write tempfile {}: {e}", tmp_ail.display()))?;
-
-    // Step D: `ail parse <tmp_ail>` → captured stdout = canonical
-    //         bytes + trailing newline.
-    let parse_out = Command::new(ail_bin())
-        .args(["parse", tmp_ail.to_str().unwrap()])
-        .output()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("spawn ail parse: {e}"))?;
-    if !parse_out.status.success() {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "ail parse exit={:?}\nstderr: {}",
-            parse_out.status.code(),
-            String::from_utf8_lossy(&parse_out.stderr),
-        ));
-    }
-    let bytes_round = strip_trailing_newlines(parse_out.stdout);
-    let h_round = blake3::hash(&bytes_round);
-
-    if h_orig != h_round {
-        let s_orig = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes_orig).into_owned();
-        let s_round = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes_round).into_owned();
-        return Err(format!(
-            "BLAKE3 mismatch:\n  orig: {}\n  round: {}\noriginal bytes: {s_orig}\nround bytes:    {s_round}",
-            h_orig.to_hex(),
-            h_round.to_hex(),
-        ));
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn cli_render_then_parse_preserves_canonical_bytes_on_every_fixture() {
-    let fixtures = list_json_fixtures();
-    assert!(
-        !fixtures.is_empty(),
-        "no .ail.json fixtures found under {}",
-        examples_dir().display()
-    );
-
-    let tmpdir = tempfile::TempDir::new().expect("create tempdir");
-    let mut failures = Vec::<String>::new();
-    let mut passed = 0usize;
-
-    for fixture in &fixtures {
-        match roundtrip_one(fixture, tmpdir.path()) {
-            Ok(()) => passed += 1,
-            Err(msg) => failures.push(format!("{}: {msg}", fixture.display())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    if !failures.is_empty() {
-        panic!(
-            "CLI roundtrip failed for {} of {} fixtures (passed: {}):\n{}",
-            failures.len(),
-            fixtures.len(),
-            passed,
-            failures.join("\n\n")
-        );
-    }
-    eprintln!("CLI roundtrip ok for {passed} fixtures");
-}
-
 /// CLI-pipeline idempotency (post-form-a-default-authoring §C3): for
 /// every `.ail` fixture, the user-facing pipeline
 /// `ail parse <ail> | ail render | ail parse` is byte-identical
diff --git a/crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b3.rs b/crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b3.rs
index e120b78..0d3f6a7 100644
--- a/crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b3.rs
+++ b/crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b3.rs
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ fn ail_run(fixture_name: &str) -> (std::process::Output, String) {
 /// failure — all observable at stdout. Defends mono-pass invariant 3.
 #[test]
 fn coherence_two_instances_pick_correct_body_at_runtime() {
-    let (output, stdout) = ail_run("test_22b3_coherence_two_instances.ail.json");
+    let (output, stdout) = ail_run("test_22b3_coherence_two_instances.ail");
     assert!(
         output.status.success(),
         "ail run failed: stdout={}, stderr={}",
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ fn coherence_two_instances_pick_correct_body_at_runtime() {
 /// constant 99 must reach stdout. Defends mono-pass invariant 4.
 #[test]
 fn class_default_method_runs_and_prints_default_value() {
-    let (output, stdout) = ail_run("test_22b3_default_e2e.ail.json");
+    let (output, stdout) = ail_run("test_22b3_default_e2e.ail");
     assert!(
         output.status.success(),
         "ail run failed: stdout={}, stderr={}",
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ fn class_default_method_runs_and_prints_default_value() {
 /// Defends mono-pass invariant 6.
 #[test]
 fn cross_module_class_method_runs_and_prints_correct_value() {
-    let (output, stdout) = ail_run("test_22b3_xmod_e2e_main.ail.json");
+    let (output, stdout) = ail_run("test_22b3_xmod_e2e_main.ail");
     assert!(
         output.status.success(),
         "ail run failed: stdout={}, stderr={}",
diff --git a/crates/ailang-core/tests/carve_out_inventory.rs b/crates/ailang-core/tests/carve_out_inventory.rs
index 4d97dd2..ddf7bcc 100644
--- a/crates/ailang-core/tests/carve_out_inventory.rs
+++ b/crates/ailang-core/tests/carve_out_inventory.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ fn examples_dir() -> std::path::PathBuf {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[ignore = "GREEN-ratified by Task 8 (.ail.json deletion); RED until then"]
 fn examples_ail_json_inventory_matches_carve_outs() {
     let expected: BTreeSet<&str> = EXPECTED.iter().copied().collect();
     let mut actual: BTreeSet<String> = BTreeSet::new();
diff --git a/crates/ailang-core/tests/schema_coverage.rs b/crates/ailang-core/tests/schema_coverage.rs
index fc3e9e6..4bac185 100644
--- a/crates/ailang-core/tests/schema_coverage.rs
+++ b/crates/ailang-core/tests/schema_coverage.rs
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ fn examples_dir() -> PathBuf {
     crate_dir.parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap().join("examples")
 }
 
-fn list_json_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+fn list_ail_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
     let dir = examples_dir();
     let mut paths: Vec<PathBuf> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
         .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("read_dir({}): {e}", dir.display()))
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ fn list_json_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
         .filter(|p| {
             p.file_name()
                 .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
-                .map(|n| n.ends_with(".ail.json"))
+                .map(|n| n.ends_with(".ail"))
                 .unwrap_or(false)
         })
         .collect();
@@ -345,10 +345,10 @@ fn list_json_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
 
 #[test]
 fn every_ast_variant_is_observed_in_the_fixture_corpus() {
-    let fixtures = list_json_fixtures();
+    let fixtures = list_ail_fixtures();
     assert!(
         !fixtures.is_empty(),
-        "no .ail.json fixtures found under {}",
+        "no .ail fixtures found under {}",
         examples_dir().display()
     );
 
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ fn every_ast_variant_is_observed_in_the_fixture_corpus() {
     let mut load_failures = Vec::<String>::new();
 
     for path in &fixtures {
-        match ailang_core::load_module(path) {
+        match ailang_surface::load_module(path) {
             Ok(m) => visit_module(&m, &mut observed),
             Err(e) => load_failures.push(format!("{}: {e}", path.display())),
         }
diff --git a/crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs b/crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs
index 522502c..74ed435 100644
--- a/crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs
+++ b/crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
 //! Round-trip gate for the form-(A) projection.
 //!
-//! Three complementary checks over `examples/`, each gathering
+//! Two complementary checks over `examples/*.ail`, each gathering
 //! fixtures dynamically via `read_dir` (no hardcoded lists). The
 //! tests are pure readers — they do not write into the working
 //! tree.
 //!
-//! 1. `print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture`: Direction 1 of
-//!    the Roundtrip Invariant (DESIGN.md §"Roundtrip Invariant").
-//!    For every `examples/*.ail.json` fixture, load → `print` →
-//!    `parse` → canonical bytes; assert byte-equal to original.
+//! 1. `parse_is_deterministic_over_every_ail_fixture`: for every
+//!    well-formed `.ail` text `t`, `parse(t)` produces the same
+//!    canonical bytes every invocation. The parser is a pure
+//!    function of input — no randomness, no time dependence, no
+//!    environment leak. Hashing `canonical::to_bytes(parse(t))` is
+//!    therefore well-defined for any `.ail` source.
 //!
-//! 2. `every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart`: hand-
-//!    authored ground-truth check. For every `examples/*.ail`
-//!    fixture, parse → canonical bytes; if a same-stem `.ail.json`
-//!    counterpart exists, assert canonical-byte equality against
-//!    it. Pins the `.ail` corpus against semantic drift between
-//!    the two forms at the fixture level.
+//! 2. `parse_then_print_then_parse_is_idempotent_on_every_ail_fixture`:
+//!    Direction 2 of the Roundtrip Invariant (DESIGN.md §"Roundtrip
+//!    Invariant"). For every well-formed `.ail` text `t`, asserts
+//!    `canonical_bytes(parse(t))` equals
+//!    `canonical_bytes(parse(print(parse(t))))`. The printer is a
+//!    left-inverse of the parser modulo canonical form.
 //!
-//! 3. `parse_then_print_then_parse_is_idempotent_on_every_ail_fixture`:
-//!    Direction 2 of the Roundtrip Invariant. For every well-formed
-//!    `.ail` text `t`, asserts `canonical_bytes(parse(t))` equals
-//!    `canonical_bytes(parse(print(parse(t))))`. Robust against
-//!    future `.ail` fixtures without a JSON counterpart.
+//! Retired iter form-a.1 T9: `print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture`
+//! (corpus shrunk to 8 carve-outs post-iter) and
+//! `every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart` (no longer
+//! expressible: only one form is hand-authored post-iter).
 
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 fn examples_dir() -> PathBuf {
     // `CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR` is the surface crate root; examples live two
@@ -32,73 +33,15 @@ fn examples_dir() -> PathBuf {
     crate_dir.parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap().join("examples")
 }
 
-fn list_json_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
-    let dir = examples_dir();
-    let mut paths: Vec<PathBuf> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("read_dir({}): {e}", dir.display()))
-        .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
-        .map(|e| e.path())
-        .filter(|p| {
-            p.file_name()
-                .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
-                .map(|n| {
-                    // Round-trip every fixture. The 22b.1/22b.2/22b.3 filter
-                    // was retired in 22b.4a once the Form-A parser+printer
-                    // arms for ClassDef / InstanceDef landed.
-                    n.ends_with(".ail.json")
-                })
-                .unwrap_or(false)
-        })
-        .collect();
-    paths.sort();
-    paths
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture() {
-    let fixtures = list_json_fixtures();
-    assert!(
-        !fixtures.is_empty(),
-        "no .ail.json fixtures found under {}",
-        examples_dir().display()
-    );
-
-    let mut failures = Vec::<String>::new();
-    let mut passed = 0usize;
-    for path in &fixtures {
-        match round_trip_one(path) {
-            Ok(()) => passed += 1,
-            Err(msg) => failures.push(format!("{}: {msg}", path.display())),
-        }
-    }
-    if !failures.is_empty() {
-        panic!(
-            "round-trip failed for {} of {} fixtures (passed: {}):\n{}",
-            failures.len(),
-            fixtures.len(),
-            passed,
-            failures.join("\n")
-        );
-    }
-    eprintln!("round-trip ok for {passed} fixtures");
-}
-
-fn round_trip_one(path: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let original = ailang_core::load_module(path).map_err(|e| format!("load: {e}"))?;
-    let text = ailang_surface::print(&original);
-    let parsed = ailang_surface::parse(&text)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("re-parse failed: {e}\n--- printed text ---\n{text}"))?;
-    let bytes_orig = ailang_core::canonical::to_bytes(&original);
-    let bytes_round = ailang_core::canonical::to_bytes(&parsed);
-    if bytes_orig != bytes_round {
-        let s_orig = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes_orig).into_owned();
-        let s_round = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes_round).into_owned();
-        return Err(format!(
-            "canonical bytes differ.\noriginal: {s_orig}\nround:    {s_round}"
-        ));
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
+// Retired iter form-a.1 T9:
+// - `list_json_fixtures` helper (walked `.ail.json` for the two retired tests below).
+// - `print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture`: corpus shrunk to 8 carve-outs
+//   post-iter; property subsumed by `parse_is_deterministic_over_every_ail_fixture`
+//   plus the surviving `parse_then_print_then_parse_is_idempotent_on_every_ail_fixture`.
+// - `round_trip_one` helper (only consumer was the retired test above).
+// - `every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart`: no longer expressible —
+//   only one form is hand-authored post-iter; counterparts are derived in-process
+//   via `ail parse`.
 
 fn list_ail_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
     let dir = examples_dir();
@@ -117,92 +60,6 @@ fn list_ail_fixtures() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
     paths
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart() {
-    let fixtures = list_ail_fixtures();
-    assert!(
-        !fixtures.is_empty(),
-        "no .ail fixtures found under {}",
-        examples_dir().display()
-    );
-
-    let mut failures = Vec::<String>::new();
-    let mut paired = 0usize;
-    let mut parse_only = 0usize;
-
-    for ail_path in &fixtures {
-        let text = match std::fs::read_to_string(ail_path) {
-            Ok(t) => t,
-            Err(e) => {
-                failures.push(format!("{}: read failed: {e}", ail_path.display()));
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
-        let parsed = match ailang_surface::parse(&text) {
-            Ok(m) => m,
-            Err(e) => {
-                failures.push(format!("{}: parse failed: {e}", ail_path.display()));
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
-
-        // Same-stem counterpart lookup. `<stem>.ail` → `<stem>.ail.json`.
-        let stem = ail_path
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
-            .and_then(|n| n.strip_suffix(".ail"))
-            .unwrap_or("");
-        let json_path = ail_path.with_file_name(format!("{stem}.ail.json"));
-
-        if !json_path.exists() {
-            // Spec: parse success alone is sufficient for `.ail` files
-            // without a JSON counterpart. (Today: none expected.)
-            parse_only += 1;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let original = match ailang_core::load_module(&json_path) {
-            Ok(m) => m,
-            Err(e) => {
-                failures.push(format!(
-                    "{}: load_module({}) failed: {e}",
-                    ail_path.display(),
-                    json_path.display()
-                ));
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
-        let bytes_orig = ailang_core::canonical::to_bytes(&original);
-        let bytes_parsed = ailang_core::canonical::to_bytes(&parsed);
-        if bytes_orig != bytes_parsed {
-            let s_orig = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes_orig).into_owned();
-            let s_round = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes_parsed).into_owned();
-            failures.push(format!(
-                "{} vs {}: canonical bytes differ.\noriginal: {s_orig}\nparsed:   {s_round}",
-                ail_path.display(),
-                json_path.display()
-            ));
-            continue;
-        }
-        paired += 1;
-    }
-
-    if !failures.is_empty() {
-        panic!(
-            "{} of {} .ail fixture(s) failed cross-check (paired ok: {}, parse-only: {}):\n{}",
-            failures.len(),
-            fixtures.len(),
-            paired,
-            parse_only,
-            failures.join("\n\n")
-        );
-    }
-    eprintln!(
-        ".ail cross-check ok ({} paired, {} parse-only)",
-        paired, parse_only
-    );
-}
-
 /// Direction 2 of the Roundtrip Invariant (DESIGN.md §"Roundtrip
 /// Invariant"): for every well-formed `.ail` text `t`, the
 /// composition `parse → print → parse` is idempotent on the AST.
diff --git a/docs/DESIGN.md b/docs/DESIGN.md
index 7e88656..f113f96 100644
--- a/docs/DESIGN.md
+++ b/docs/DESIGN.md
@@ -462,8 +462,14 @@ on the shelf for a future iter only if both fail.
 
 ### What this Decision deliberately does not do
 
-- It does not promote form (A) to the source of truth. Form (A) is
-  one projection; the JSON-AST stays canonical.
+- It does not change which form is canonical: the JSON-AST remains
+  the hashable, content-addressed representation, and all hashing,
+  content-addressing, and cross-module references flow through it
+  unchanged. What did change in 2026-05-13 (this milestone) is
+  which form is authored: authors now write Form A; the JSON-AST
+  is materialised in-process by callers that need it. The two
+  forms are byte-isomorphic by the round-trip invariant. Form (A)
+  is one projection; the JSON-AST stays canonical.
 - It does not foreclose visual or graphical front-ends. The crate
   layout (`core` owns AST; `surface`/`visual`/... are siblings)
   reserves that lane.
@@ -2026,26 +2032,41 @@ would invoke literal-defaulting which axis-7 already excluded.
 
 ## Roundtrip Invariant
 
-Every well-formed AILang module has both a canonical `.ail.json`
-representation and a textual `.ail` representation, and the two
-are exact projections of the same AST. Concretely, both directions
-of the bijection hold:
+Every well-formed AILang module has a canonical `.ail.json`
+representation (the hashable, content-addressed JSON-AST) and a
+hand-authored `.ail` representation (Form A, the authoring
+projection). The JSON-AST is derived from `.ail` in-process by
+consumers that need it; the round-trip is now the *property* of
+that derivation, not the byte-level agreement of two on-disk forms.
 
-1. **JSON → text → JSON.** For every valid `.ail.json` module `J`,
-   `parse(print(load_module(J)))` is canonical-byte-equal to
-   `canonical::to_bytes(load_module(J))`. The textual surface is
-   the inverse of the loader composed with the printer; no
-   information is lost across the round-trip.
-2. **text → JSON → text.** For every well-formed `.ail` text `t`,
-   `parse(t)` is a complete AST, and re-printing `print(parse(t))`
-   produces a text that re-parses to the same AST (modulo
-   formatting). The parser is total over the well-formed surface
-   and the printer is deterministic.
+Concretely:
+
+1. **Parse-determinism.** For every well-formed `.ail` text `t`,
+   `ailang_surface::parse(t)` produces a unique AST. The parser is
+   a pure function of input — no randomness, no time dependence,
+   no environment leak. Hashing `canonical::to_bytes(parse(t))` is
+   therefore well-defined for any `.ail` source.
+
+2. **Idempotency under print.** For every well-formed `.ail` text
+   `t`, `canonical(parse(t)) == canonical(parse(print(parse(t))))`.
+   The printer is a left-inverse of the parser modulo canonical
+   form: print-then-parse is a no-op on the canonical bytes.
+
+3. **CLI-pipeline idempotency.** For every `.ail` fixture, the
+   public CLI pipeline `ail parse | ail render | ail parse` is
+   byte-identical to direct `ail parse` of the source `.ail`.
+   Pins drift that crate-internal tests cannot see.
+
+4. **Carve-out anchor.** Eight `.ail.json`-only fixtures (seven
+   subject-matter rejection tests + one compile-time-embed for
+   the prelude) survive in the corpus by structural necessity.
+   They participate in their own dedicated rejection-shape or
+   embed-mechanism tests, not in the round-trip gate.
 
 Hashing is the consequence the language depends on: BLAKE3 of the
-canonical bytes is identical for the two paths, so content-
-addressing is form-agnostic. An LLM author can pick either form
-without changing the identity of the module it produces.
+canonical bytes is well-defined for any `.ail` source via parse-
+determinism. An LLM author writes `.ail`; the build derives the
+canonical hash without ambiguity.
 
 ### Float literals are inside the invariant
 
@@ -2065,29 +2086,26 @@ operating on the `examples/` corpus via dynamic `read_dir`
 collection (no hardcoded fixture list, so newly added fixtures
 inherit the gate automatically):
 
-- `crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs::print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture`
-  — for every `.ail.json`, `print` then `parse` produces canonical-
-  byte-equal output. Direction 1 above.
+- `crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs::parse_is_deterministic_over_every_ail_fixture`
+  — for every `.ail`, parse twice and assert canonical-byte
+  equality between the two ASTs. Direction 1 above.
 - `crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs::parse_then_print_then_parse_is_idempotent_on_every_ail_fixture`
   — for every `.ail` text `t`, `parse(t)` and `parse(print(parse(t)))`
   produce canonical-byte-equal AST. Direction 2 above.
-- `crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs::every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart`
-  — for every `.ail` with a same-stem `.ail.json` counterpart,
-  `parse` of the text yields canonical bytes equal to the JSON
-  counterpart. Pins the hand-authored `.ail` corpus against
-  drift between the two forms at the fixture level.
+- `crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs::cli_parse_then_render_then_parse_is_idempotent`
+  — for every `.ail`, the public CLI pipeline `ail parse | ail render | ail parse`
+  reproduces canonical bytes byte-identical to direct `ail parse`.
+  Pins drift internal tests cannot see.
 - `crates/ailang-core/tests/schema_coverage.rs::every_ast_variant_is_observed_in_the_fixture_corpus`
   — every variant of `Def`, `Term`, `Pattern`, `Literal`, `Type`,
-  and `ParamMode` appears in at least one fixture. The visitor
-  matches each AST enum exhaustively without wildcard arms, so
-  any new AST variant fails to compile until the visitor is
-  extended in lockstep — the coverage table cannot silently fall
-  behind the schema.
-- `crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs::cli_render_then_parse_preserves_canonical_bytes_on_every_fixture`
-  — for every `.ail.json`, the public CLI pipeline `ail render` →
-  tempfile → `ail parse` reproduces BLAKE3-identical canonical
-  bytes. Pins the user-facing CLI against drift that crate-
-  internal tests cannot see.
+  and `ParamMode` appears in at least one `.ail` fixture (corpus
+  flipped from `.ail.json` to `.ail` at iter form-a.1). New AST
+  variants fail compile until the visitor and corpus are extended
+  in lockstep.
+- `crates/ailang-core/tests/carve_out_inventory.rs::examples_ail_json_inventory_matches_carve_outs`
+  — exactly the eight named carve-out files exist under
+  `examples/*.ail.json` at any commit. A new `.ail.json` or a
+  missing carve-out fails the test.
 
 A new fixture or a new AST variant that violates the invariant
 fails one of these tests; the fix is in render or parse code,
diff --git a/docs/WhatsNew.md b/docs/WhatsNew.md
index 96fc923..a4b62b7 100644
--- a/docs/WhatsNew.md
+++ b/docs/WhatsNew.md
@@ -118,3 +118,9 @@ The per-type `io/print_int`, `io/print_bool`, `io/print_float` operators stay fo
 Bench continues on the same noise envelope observed across the last ten audits — baseline pristine.
 
 Queue back to user-direction: the next roadmap item is that corpus migration, which retires the per-type print operators.
+
+## 2026-05-13 — Form A is now the authoring surface
+
+`.ail` is now the form you read, edit, and check in. The JSON-AST counterpart is still the canonical hashable representation, but it is no longer something you look at or maintain by hand — the tools derive it from `.ail` whenever they need it. About a hundred example programs that previously existed as JSON-AST were converted to `.ail` and the JSON files were deleted; only eight stay as `.ail.json` (seven negative-test fixtures whose subject matter cannot be expressed in `.ail`, plus the prelude, which is loaded at compile time and depends on internal plumbing that lands in a later milestone).
+
+If you were used to opening a `.ail.json` file to see what a program looks like, you now open the `.ail` sibling instead.
diff --git a/docs/journals/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.md b/docs/journals/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.md
index 32027e1..327c526 100644
--- a/docs/journals/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.md
+++ b/docs/journals/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.md
@@ -185,3 +185,247 @@ fixtures = 150 paths. Detail:
 ## Stats
 
 bench/orchestrator-stats/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.json
+
+---
+
+# iter form-a.1 — Big-bang migration (Tasks 6-12: bench drivers, e2e rewrites, deletion, doctrine, milestone close)
+
+**Date:** 2026-05-13
+**Started from:** 9332d1e (post-T1-5 commit 77b28ad + plan-amendment 9332d1e)
+**Status:** DONE (Tasks 6-12; iter form-a.1 fully closed)
+**Tasks completed:** 7 of 7 (this dispatch); 12 of 12 (iter total)
+
+## Summary
+
+Second half of the form-a-default-authoring milestone-close iter: T6
+flips the bench-driver fixture suffix from `.ail.json` to `.ail` (4
+Python scripts + run.sh). T7 re-authors three e2e tests
+(`diff_detects_changed_def`, `borrow_own_demo_modes_are_metadata_only`,
+`reuse_as_demo_under_rc_uses_inplace_rewrite`) to derive their
+canonical-JSON via `ail parse` on the `.ail` source rather than
+raw-reading the soon-to-be-deleted `.ail.json` file, retires the
+redundant `render_parse_round_trip_canonical` (subsumed by T1's
+`cli_parse_then_render_then_parse_is_idempotent`), and re-authors
+`ail_run_accepts_ail_source_with_same_stdout_as_ail_json` to derive
+a tempdir-based `hello.ail.json` from `hello.ail` via `ail parse`
+rather than reading a deleted `.ail.json` sibling. T8 deletes the
+156 non-carve-out `.ail.json` files (count drops 164 → 8), removes
+the `#[ignore]` on the carve-out inventory test, and pulls forward
+20 stale-`.ail.json`-reference repairs that the T1-5 dispatch missed
+(12 `let example = "X.ail.json"` Group-B sites + 5
+`ailang_core::load_workspace` Group-A sites in e2e.rs + 3 `ail_run`
+Group-B sites in typeclass_22b3.rs); to keep T8's green-gate, T9
+Step 5 (schema_coverage corpus flip from `.ail.json` to `.ail`) is
+also pulled forward into T8. T9 retires the 3 obsolete roundtrip
+tests (`print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture`,
+`every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart`,
+`cli_render_then_parse_preserves_canonical_bytes_on_every_fixture`)
+plus the dead helpers `list_json_fixtures` (×2),
+`round_trip_one`, and `strip_trailing_newlines`. T10 restates the
+DESIGN.md §Roundtrip Invariant with parse-determinism + idempotency
++ CLI-pipeline-idempotency + carve-out-anchor framing, replacing
+the old Direction-1/Direction-2 framing and the five enforcement
+bullets with the five surviving test names. T11 replaces the
+CLAUDE.md and DESIGN.md doctrine sentences per spec §A4. T12
+appends the WhatsNew milestone-close entry, strikes the roadmap
+entry (`- [x]` + `(Closed 2026-05-13 by iter form-a.1.)`), and
+verifies final inventory (8 `.ail.json` carve-outs + 157 `.ail`).
+Final test count: 557 green + 3 ignored (3 pre-existing doctests).
+The `cargo test --workspace` baseline holds green at every per-task
+boundary; both `python3 bench/compile_check.py` and
+`python3 bench/cross_lang.py` exit 0. The milestone
+`[Form-A as the default authoring surface]` is fully closed.
+
+## Per-task notes
+
+- **iter form-a.1.6** — Bench-driver suffix flips in
+  `bench/compile_check.py:43,101`, `bench/cross_lang.py:48,80`,
+  `bench/mono_dispatch.py:10,112`, `bench/run.sh:68,182,183`.
+  Mechanical edit; comment text and path string updated at each
+  site. `python3 bench/compile_check.py` exit 0; `python3
+  bench/cross_lang.py` exit 0. (First compile_check run reported
+  exit-1 due to sub-millisecond `check_ms` noise on `hello` and
+  `borrow_own_demo`; second run clean. The noise is unrelated to
+  the migration — the bench measures `ail check` runtime, and the
+  Python edits did not touch the binary path.)
+- **iter form-a.1.7** — Re-authored 3 raw-JSON-inspect tests +
+  retired 1 + re-authored the dual-form smoke. Pattern for the
+  three substring-assert tests: replace
+  `std::fs::read*("examples/<X>.ail.json")` with a `Command::new(ail_bin()).args(["parse", "examples/<X>.ail", "-o", tmpfile])`
+  + `read_to_string(tmpfile)`. `reuse_as_demo_under_rc_uses_inplace_rewrite`
+  additionally switches its `ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path)`
+  call to `ailang_surface::load_workspace(&ail_path)` (the
+  IR-lowering path no longer needs the JSON file). The dual-form
+  smoke (`ail_run_accepts_ail_source_with_same_stdout_as_ail_json`)
+  uses a per-process tempdir with `hello.ail.json` as the file
+  basename — necessary because the loader name-checks the module
+  name against the file stem, and the first attempt at a
+  tempfile-with-PID-suffix path tripped that check. Net test
+  count: −1 (retirement of `render_parse_round_trip_canonical`).
+  559 green at task close.
+- **iter form-a.1.8** — CRITICAL task. Before the deletion command,
+  20 stale-`.ail.json`-reference repairs were pulled forward
+  (T1-5 dispatch missed these despite the plan's Group-A/B scope):
+  (a) 12 `let example = "X.ail.json"` patterns in `e2e.rs` flipped
+  to `"X.ail"` via sed; (b) 5 `ailang_core::load_workspace(&json_path)`
+  sites in `e2e.rs` switched to `ailang_surface::load_workspace`
+  (the `let example = "X.ail"` from (a) feeds into `workspace.join("examples").join(example)`,
+  which is `.ail` post-flip — needs the extension-dispatching loader);
+  (c) 3 `ail_run("X.ail.json")` sites in `typeclass_22b3.rs` flipped
+  via sed. Cargo-test green pre-deletion at 559. The plan's deletion
+  bash loop ran clean (exit 0); `ls examples/*.ail.json | wc -l` →
+  8, `ls examples/*.ail | wc -l` → 157. The `#[ignore]` attribute
+  on `examples_ail_json_inventory_matches_carve_outs` was removed;
+  the test passes (8 files match `EXPECTED`). Post-deletion
+  cargo-test surfaced 1 failure
+  (`every_ast_variant_is_observed_in_the_fixture_corpus` in
+  `schema_coverage.rs`) because its corpus walker still looked at
+  `.ail.json` (now down to 8 carve-outs, insufficient to cover all
+  AST variants). The plan-T8 vs. T9 ordering implicitly assumed T9
+  Step 5 (schema_coverage corpus flip) would land before T8 — but
+  T9 is plan-ordered after T8. To satisfy T8's green-gate, T9
+  Step 5 was pulled forward inline (helper rename
+  `list_json_fixtures` → `list_ail_fixtures`, filter `.ail.json`
+  → `.ail`, loader `ailang_core::load_module` →
+  `ailang_surface::load_module`). Post-fix: 560 green + 3 ignored
+  (was 559 pre-T8 with 4 ignored including carve_out_inventory;
+  un-ignore + correct schema_coverage flip = +1 net = 560).
+- **iter form-a.1.9** — Retired 3 obsolete roundtrip tests +
+  cleanups. `round_trip.rs`: retired
+  `print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture` (lines 57-101 in
+  pre-iter numbering) and `every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart`
+  (lines 120-204); retired the `list_json_fixtures` helper and
+  the `round_trip_one` helper (only consumers were the two retired
+  tests); updated the file's doc-comment to describe the two
+  surviving tests (`parse_is_deterministic_*` and
+  `parse_then_print_then_parse_*`); removed the unused `Path`
+  import (only `PathBuf` remains). `roundtrip_cli.rs`: retired
+  `cli_render_then_parse_preserves_canonical_bytes_on_every_fixture`
+  (lines 116-146 pre-iter) and the `list_json_fixtures` +
+  `roundtrip_one` + `strip_trailing_newlines` helpers; updated the
+  doc-comment. T9 Step 5 (schema_coverage corpus flip) was already
+  done in T8; nothing to do here. 557 green + 3 ignored at task
+  close (560 pre-T9 − 3 retired = 557).
+- **iter form-a.1.10** — DESIGN.md §Roundtrip Invariant restatement.
+  Lines 2029-2048 (Direction 1/Direction 2 framing) replaced with
+  the new 4-property framing (parse-determinism +
+  idempotency-under-print + CLI-pipeline-idempotency +
+  carve-out-anchor) verbatim from the plan. Lines 2061-2094
+  (Enforcement bullets, five tests) replaced with the five
+  surviving tests verbatim. Float-literals subsection (lines
+  2050-2059 pre-edit, 2065-2074 post-edit) preserved. Why-anchored-at-top-level
+  subsection (lines 2096-2108 pre-edit, 2108-2120 post-edit)
+  preserved. The numbered prose (4 properties) and the bulleted
+  enforcement (5 tests) are internally consistent; the carve-out
+  inventory is the 5th enforcement bullet, covering property 4
+  ("carve-out anchor") as a meta-property.
+- **iter form-a.1.11** — Doctrine edits. CLAUDE.md:5-6 sentence
+  replaced verbatim with spec §A4 wording. DESIGN.md:465-466 first
+  sentence replaced verbatim with spec §A4 wording; second
+  sentence ("Form (A) is one projection; the JSON-AST stays
+  canonical.") preserved as the trailing sentence of the new
+  replacement block. Doc-only; tests unaffected.
+- **iter form-a.1.12** — Milestone close. WhatsNew.md entry
+  appended ("Form A is now the authoring surface", per-boss
+  editorial rules: no crate names, no iter codes, lead with the
+  change, factual). docs/roadmap.md entry at line 97 changed from
+  `- [ ]` to `- [x]` with `(Closed 2026-05-13 by iter form-a.1.)`
+  prepended. Final cargo-test: 557 green + 3 ignored. Final bench:
+  both compile_check and cross_lang exit 0. Final inventory:
+  exactly 8 `.ail.json` (carve-outs alphabetically: broken_unbound,
+  prelude, test_22b2_invalid_superclass_param,
+  test_22b2_kind_mismatch, test_22b2_unbound_constraint_var,
+  test_ct1_bad_qualifier, test_ct1_bare_xmod_rejected,
+  test_ct1_qualified_class_rejected) + 157 `.ail`.
+
+## Concerns
+
+- **Forward-pull of T9 Step 5 into T8.** The plan ordered T8
+  (deletion) before T9 (test retirement + schema_coverage flip),
+  but T8's green-gate required schema_coverage to be flipped
+  *first* — otherwise the schema_coverage corpus walker shrinks
+  from 164 `.ail.json` to 8 carve-outs and the AST-variant
+  coverage assertion fails. Pulled T9 Step 5 inline into T8;
+  T9 then had no schema_coverage work left to do. Recorded so a
+  future planner-skill recon pass can detect this ordering
+  defect class (a Task K green-gate depending on an edit
+  scripted for Task K+N).
+- **T1-5 Group-A/B classification gaps.** The T1-5 dispatch's
+  Concerns flagged 4 raw-JSON-inspect e2e.rs tests but missed
+  20 additional sites of the same kind in two patterns: 12
+  `let example = "X.ail.json"` Group-B-pattern sites in e2e.rs
+  (feeds `build_and_run_with_alloc`) + 5
+  `ailang_core::load_workspace` Group-A-pattern sites in e2e.rs
+  + 3 `ail_run` Group-B sites in typeclass_22b3.rs. All repaired
+  inline in T8 before the deletion command ran. The pattern that
+  T1-5 missed is "binding pulled out of the call expression" —
+  the `let example = "X.ail.json"` introduces a local that the
+  Group-B sed for `build_and_run("X.ail.json")` doesn't match.
+  Worth noting for a future planner-recon tightening pass.
+- **bench/compile_check.py first-run flakiness.** The first run
+  after T6 reported exit-1 because two `check_ms` metrics on
+  sub-millisecond timings (`hello`, `borrow_own_demo`) drifted
+  past the 25% tolerance; the second run was exit-0. The drift is
+  measurement noise (system load + ms-scale latency), not a
+  migration-induced regression. Final T12 bench run was exit-0
+  on both scripts.
+
+## Known debt
+
+- **None known.** The iter closes the milestone cleanly. Two
+  follow-up roadmap items already exist:
+  - `[milestone] Prelude embed: Form-A as compile-time source`
+    (queued; retires carve-out (b) `prelude.ail.json`).
+  - The Show/print fieldtest example-corpus migration (separately
+    queued; orthogonal to this milestone).
+- Cosmetic: the `mod tests {}` placeholder in
+  `ailang-core/src/hash.rs` from T5 is still in-tree; could be
+  deleted entirely in a doctrinal cleanup pass. Functionally
+  harmless.
+
+## Files touched (Tasks 6-12)
+
+### Modified bench (4)
+
+- `bench/compile_check.py`
+- `bench/cross_lang.py`
+- `bench/mono_dispatch.py`
+- `bench/run.sh`
+
+### Modified test source (5)
+
+- `crates/ail/tests/e2e.rs` — T7 re-authoring of 5 tests; T8
+  forward-pull of 12 Group-B + 5 Group-A sites
+- `crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b3.rs` — T8 forward-pull of 3
+  Group-B sites
+- `crates/ail/tests/roundtrip_cli.rs` — T9 retirement +
+  helpers cleanup + doc-comment update
+- `crates/ailang-surface/tests/round_trip.rs` — T9 retirement +
+  helpers cleanup + doc-comment update + import cleanup
+- `crates/ailang-core/tests/schema_coverage.rs` — T8 corpus flip
+  to `.ail` (pulled forward from T9 Step 5)
+
+### Modified test discipline (1)
+
+- `crates/ailang-core/tests/carve_out_inventory.rs` — T8 un-ignored
+
+### Modified doc (4)
+
+- `CLAUDE.md` — T11 doctrine sentence (lines 5-6)
+- `docs/DESIGN.md` — T10 §Roundtrip Invariant restatement; T11
+  §"What this Decision deliberately does not do" first sentence
+- `docs/WhatsNew.md` — T12 milestone-close entry
+- `docs/roadmap.md` — T12 strike of the Form-A milestone entry
+
+### Deleted (T8) — 156 files
+
+`examples/*.ail.json` — every non-carve-out fixture (the eight
+carve-outs `broken_unbound`, `prelude`,
+`test_22b2_invalid_superclass_param`, `test_22b2_kind_mismatch`,
+`test_22b2_unbound_constraint_var`, `test_ct1_bad_qualifier`,
+`test_ct1_bare_xmod_rejected`, `test_ct1_qualified_class_rejected`
+preserved).
+
+## Stats
+
+bench/orchestrator-stats/2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.json
diff --git a/docs/journals/INDEX.md b/docs/journals/INDEX.md
index 0544570..894868f 100644
--- a/docs/journals/INDEX.md
+++ b/docs/journals/INDEX.md
@@ -52,3 +52,4 @@
 - 2026-05-13 — audit-24: milestone close (Show + print rewire) — architect drift report surfaces 5 actionable items routing to `24.tidy` (3× [high]: DESIGN.md §"Monomorphisation" doc-anchor missing for three iter-24.3 strengthenings — MonoTarget::FreeFn::type_args canonical-form normalisation, post-mono synthesised-body cross-module-ref import_map-bypass invariant, FreeFnCall constraint-residual push; codegen import_map-fallback path has no unit-level pin — only E2E catches regression; FreeFnCall constraint-residual push covers only dot-qualified branch, bare-name poly-fn refs uncovered; 2× [medium]: unwrap_or_default in method-name lookup masks class-index drift, normalize_type_for_lookup duplicated across two mono.rs sites with manual-lockstep invariant), plus 1× [medium] deferred to roadmap P3 (negative-test coverage single-shape — only f:Int→Int, broader shapes wait for downstream corpus-migration milestone), plus 1× [low] carry-on (bench/architect_sweeps.sh noise on pre-milestone-24 DESIGN.md lines, not new drift). Bench: cross_lang.py exit 0 (25/25 stable); check.py + compile_check.py exit 1 with metric-identity-migrating noise envelope per audit-cma → audit-ms → audit-eob → audit-ct-tidy → audit-mq → audit-mq.tidy → iter-24.2 → iter-24.3 lineage — 9th consecutive observation; conservative-call convention holds baseline pristine across all 9, the metric-migration-between-runs is itself attribution evidence variance not signal; right ratification path is the queued P3 latency-methodology-histogram rework, not --update-baseline → 2026-05-13-audit-24.md
 - 2026-05-13 — iter 24.tidy: close 5 actionable drift items from audit-24 — T1 DESIGN.md new subsection §Cross-module references in synthesised bodies (3 invariants installed iter 24.3: canonical-form MonoTarget::FreeFn::type_args via normalize_type_for_lookup, post-mono synthesised body import_map-bypass + module_user_fns fallback, FreeFnCall constraint-residual push per declared forall-constraint); T2 codegen_import_map_fallback_pin (integration test asserts prelude.print__<UserType> body references user_module.show__<UserType> AND prelude imports do not contain user_module); T3 polyfn_dot_qualified_branch_pin (asserts bare-name print f fires exactly one no-instance + zero unknown-variable, proving constraint-residual push fires via dot-qualified branch); T4 check/lib.rs:2858 unwrap_or_default → expect(class_methods registry coherence) — surfaces class-index drift on regression; T5 mono.rs apply_subst_and_normalize helper extracted from byte-identical sites at :685-714 + :1284-1303 with Option<Type> return — each call site keeps own rigid-var/unit-default policy. Tests 558/558 (was 556+2 pins). Bench cross_lang exit 0 stable, compile_check + check both exit 0 this run (10th consecutive lineage observation unobserved-firing). audit-24 medium-3 negative-test breadth defers to roadmap P3; low-1 sweep noise carry-on → 2026-05-13-iter-24.tidy.md
 - 2026-05-13 — iter form-a.0: prelude pilot for Form-A-as-default-authoring milestone — examples/prelude.ail rendered (116 lines / 6386 bytes) via `ail render`; two auto-discovering roundtrip tests (every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart + parse_then_print_then_parse_is_idempotent_on_every_ail_fixture) green on the new fixture without test-code changes; prelude.ail.json retained per spec §A2 (singular dual-form iter, deletion lands iter 1 with bulk test-infra refactor); cargo test --workspace green at 558 tests → 2026-05-13-iter-form-a.0.md
+- 2026-05-13 — iter form-a.1: Form-A-as-default-authoring milestone close (Boss-decided strategy C, big-bang) — 12 tasks across two implementer dispatches; T1 added 3 new tests (parse-determinism + CLI-pipeline-idempotency + carve_out_inventory#[ignore]) + T2 bulk-rendered 99 missing examples/<stem>.ail (corpus 58→157 .ail) + T3-4 migrated 26 fixture-loading test files (Group A load_workspace→ailang_surface::load_workspace + Group B subprocess suffix flip) + T5 relocated 23 #[cfg(test)] mod tests blocks from ailang-core/-codegen production source to integration test crates with ailang-surface dev-dep (hash_pin.rs + workspace_pin.rs + eq_primitives_pin.rs + prose snapshot migration) + T6 bench-driver suffix flips (4 Python + run.sh, both compile_check.py + cross_lang.py exit 0) + T7 re-authored 4 raw-JSON-inspect e2e tests via `ail parse`-derived tempfiles + retired 1 (render_parse_round_trip_canonical subsumed by T1) + T8 deleted 156 non-carve-out .ail.json (inventory 8 carve-outs + 157 .ail post-T8, alphabetical: broken_unbound + prelude + 3× test_22b2_* + 3× test_ct1_*) + 20 forward-pulled stale-.ail.json-ref repairs missed by T1-5 recon + T9 retired 3 obsolete roundtrip tests (print_then_parse_round_trips_every_fixture + every_ail_fixture_matches_its_json_counterpart + cli_render_then_parse_preserves_canonical_bytes_on_every_fixture) + dead helpers (list_json_fixtures ×2, round_trip_one, strip_trailing_newlines) + flipped schema_coverage corpus to .ail (forward-pulled into T8 for green-gate) + T10 §C3 DESIGN.md §Roundtrip Invariant restated with parse-determinism + idempotency + CLI-pipeline-idempotency + carve-out-anchor framing (5 surviving enforcement tests named) + T11 §A4 CLAUDE.md + DESIGN.md doctrine sentences replaced (canonical form is JSON-AST; authoring form is .ail) + T12 WhatsNew milestone-close entry + roadmap [milestone] form-a struck [x] (Closed 2026-05-13 by iter form-a.1). 4 carve-outs added beyond the original 7 §C4(a): only 1 — prelude.ail.json — landed as §C4(b) compile-time-embed (rationale: include_str! at workspace.rs:417 + main.rs:474; resolution queued as separate milestone Prelude embed: Form-A as compile-time source). Spec amendment + grounding-recheck PASS at 9fcda8b. Final tests: 557 green + 3 ignored (561 from T1 − 4 retired = 557); bench compile_check.py + cross_lang.py exit 0; check.py noise envelope continues 11th consecutive audit, baseline pristine. Milestone structurally closed → 2026-05-13-iter-form-a.1.md
diff --git a/docs/roadmap.md b/docs/roadmap.md
index f7275a2..4cca72f 100644
--- a/docs/roadmap.md
+++ b/docs/roadmap.md
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ context. Pick the next milestone from P1.)_
   form-a.0 — `examples/prelude.ail` rendered via `ail render`,
   116 lines / 6386 bytes, round-trip-CI green.)
 
-- [ ] **\[milestone\]** Form-A as the default authoring surface for
-  examples and docs. Render every `examples/*.ail.json` to its
+- [x] **\[milestone\]** Form-A as the default authoring surface for
+  examples and docs. (Closed 2026-05-13 by iter form-a.1.) Render every `examples/*.ail.json` to its
   `.ail` sibling via `ail render`, **delete the now-redundant
   `.ail.json`**, and regenerate the JSON-AST per `ail parse` at
   build / test time. Same for inline JSON-AST blocks in `docs/`
diff --git a/examples/bench_closure_chain.ail.json b/examples/bench_closure_chain.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 9420838..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_closure_chain.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/examples/bench_compute_collatz.ail.json b/examples/bench_compute_collatz.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 201e94a..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_compute_collatz.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/examples/bench_compute_intsum.ail.json b/examples/bench_compute_intsum.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f4408fa..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_compute_intsum.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/examples/bench_hof_pipeline.ail.json b/examples/bench_hof_pipeline.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b97c13..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_hof_pipeline.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Nil"},{"fields":[{"k":"var","name":"a"},{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"List"}],"name":"Cons"}],"doc":"Polymorphic singly-linked list. Same shape as list_map_poly's List, replicated here so the bench fixture is self-contained.","kind":"type","name":"List","vars":["a"]},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"name":"acc","t":"var"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"fn":{"name":"build_n","t":"var"},"t":"app","tail":true},"t":"if","then":{"name":"acc","t":"var"}},"doc":"Build [0, 1, ..., n-1] :: List Int. Tail-recursive accumulator form.","kind":"fn","name":"build_n","params":["n","acc"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"List"}],"ret":{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"List"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"x","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"doc":"Add 1 to an Int. Used as the HOF argument to fold_with_fn.","kind":"fn","name":"inc","params":["x"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"name":"acc","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"f","t":"var"},{"name":"t","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"acc","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"h","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"f","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"fold_with_fn","t":"var"},"t":"app","tail":true},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Polymorphic foldl-with-mapping. Apply f:(a)->Int to every element of xs, sum into acc. Tail-recursive on (xs, acc); the f arg is forwarded unchanged.","kind":"fn","name":"fold_with_fn","params":["f","xs","acc"],"type":{"body":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}},{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"List"},{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}},"k":"forall","vars":["a"]}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"inc","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"fn":{"name":"build_n","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"fold_with_fn","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"doc":"Build [0..n-1], fold with inc, print sum of (inc x).","kind":"fn","name":"run_one","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":100000},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_one","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1000000},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_one","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"rhs":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3000000},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_one","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"bench_hof_pipeline","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/bench_latency_explicit.ail.json b/examples/bench_latency_explicit.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 04dc31d..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_latency_explicit.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"TLeaf"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"name":"TNode"}],"doc":"Balanced binary tree, 32-byte cells. Borrowed across the bench loop; tree-depth recursion at scope close is bounded (depth 19) so no drop-iterative needed.","kind":"type","name":"Tree"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"LNil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"LCons"}],"doc":"Singly-linked Int list. 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diff --git a/examples/bench_latency_implicit.ail.json b/examples/bench_latency_implicit.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 44d35e5..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_latency_implicit.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
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diff --git a/examples/bench_list_sum.ail.json b/examples/bench_list_sum.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index cf0aad3..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_list_sum.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
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diff --git a/examples/bench_list_sum_explicit.ail.json b/examples/bench_list_sum_explicit.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 76c9830..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_list_sum_explicit.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
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diff --git a/examples/bench_mono_dispatch.ail.json b/examples/bench_mono_dispatch.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 4670fa5..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_mono_dispatch.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
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-        "name": "loop_call",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Looper",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "loop_call",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["i", "acc"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": {
-            "t": "if",
-            "cond": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "==" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "var", "name": "i" },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-              ]
-            },
-            "then": { "t": "var", "name": "acc" },
-            "else": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "tail": true,
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "loop_call" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "-" },
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "var", "name": "i" },
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-                  ]
-                },
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "var", "name": "acc" },
-                    {
-                      "t": "app",
-                      "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "foo" },
-                      "args": [
-                        {
-                          "t": "app",
-                          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-                          "args": [
-                            { "t": "var", "name": "acc" },
-                            { "t": "var", "name": "i" }
-                          ]
-                        }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "loop_call" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 100000000 } },
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          ]
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/bench_tree_walk.ail.json b/examples/bench_tree_walk.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a698fb..0000000
--- a/examples/bench_tree_walk.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Leaf"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"name":"Node"}],"kind":"type","name":"Tree"},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"depth","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"depth","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build_tree","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"depth","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build_tree","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"ctor":"Node","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[],"ctor":"Leaf","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"}},"doc":"Balanced binary tree of given depth, every value = 1.","kind":"fn","name":"build_tree","params":["depth"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Leaf","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"v","t":"var"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"l","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_tree","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"name":"r","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_tree","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Node","fields":[{"name":"v","p":"var"},{"name":"l","p":"var"},{"name":"r","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"t","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Sum every Node value via match recursion. Constructor-blocked: not tail-recursive, but recursion depth = tree depth so fits.","kind":"fn","name":"sum_tree","params":["t"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"depth","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"build_tree","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_tree","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"doc":"Build a tree of given depth, sum it, print the sum.","kind":"fn","name":"run_one","params":["depth"],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":16},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_one","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":18},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_one","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"rhs":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":20},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_one","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"bench_tree_walk","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/bool_to_str_drop_rc.ail.json b/examples/bool_to_str_drop_rc.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f1c1f24..0000000
--- a/examples/bool_to_str_drop_rc.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "bool_to_str_drop_rc",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter 24.1: pin that `bool_to_str` participates in RC discipline. Bind the heap-Str result to `s`, consume `s` once in `io/print_str`, let the binder drop at scope close. Under --alloc=rc with AILANG_RC_STATS=1 the atexit summary must report allocs == 1 && frees == 1 && live == 0 — the heap-Str slab allocated by str_alloc inside ailang_bool_to_str rides the same rc_header + ailang_rc_dec path as int_to_str.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "s",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "bool_to_str" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_str",
-          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/bool_to_str_smoke_false.ail.json b/examples/bool_to_str_smoke_false.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 94e0b6c..0000000
--- a/examples/bool_to_str_smoke_false.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "bool_to_str_smoke_false",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter 24.1: stdout-smoke for the false branch of bool_to_str. Stdout must be `false\\n` (puts adds the newline). Companion of bool_to_str_drop_rc.ail.json (which covers the true branch and the RC-stats invariant).",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "s",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "bool_to_str" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_str",
-          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/borrow_own_demo.ail.json b/examples/borrow_own_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index afbd1b2..0000000
--- a/examples/borrow_own_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Nil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"List"}],"name":"Cons"}],"doc":"Monomorphic singly-linked Int list — boxed, recursive.","kind":"type","name":"List"},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"list_length","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Borrow xs, count its elements. Iter 18a: `(borrow (con List))`.","kind":"fn","name":"list_length","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["borrow"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"List"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"h","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Consume xs, sum its elements. Iter 18a: `(own (con List))`.","kind":"fn","name":"sum_list","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"List"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"xs","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"list_length","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"xs","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"name":"xs","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"}},"doc":"Build [1,2,3]; print list_length (3) then sum_list (6).","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"borrow_own_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/box.ail.json b/examples/box.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 859ed86..0000000
--- a/examples/box.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "box",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "Box",
-      "vars": ["a"],
-      "doc": "A unary box around a polymorphic value.",
-      "ctors": [
-        {
-          "name": "MkBox",
-          "fields": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "unbox",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [
-            {
-              "k": "con",
-              "name": "Box",
-              "args": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }]
-            }
-          ],
-          "ret": { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["b"],
-      "doc": "Polymorphic projection out of a Box.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "MkBox",
-              "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "x" }]
-            },
-            "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Round-trip 42 through MkBox + unbox.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "unbox" },
-            "args": [
-              {
-                "t": "ctor",
-                "type": "Box",
-                "ctor": "MkBox",
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }
-                ]
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/clone_demo.ail.json b/examples/clone_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index ae8437e..0000000
--- a/examples/clone_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"t":"clone","value":{"name":"x","t":"var"}}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"x","t":"let","value":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":42},"t":"lit"}},"doc":"Use `(clone x)` on a let-bound Int; print it.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"clone_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/closure.ail.json b/examples/closure.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 3eac26f..0000000
--- a/examples/closure.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "closure",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "apply",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["f", "x"],
-      "doc": "apply a fn-of-Int to an Int",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "f" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "captures `n` from the enclosing let, returns 42",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "n",
-        "value": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "apply" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "lam",
-                  "params": ["x"],
-                  "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-                  "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-                  "effects": [],
-                  "body": {
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "var", "name": "x" },
-                      { "t": "var", "name": "n" }
-                    ]
-                  }
-                },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 39 } }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/cmp_max_smoke.ail.json b/examples/cmp_max_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 52dd44f..0000000
--- a/examples/cmp_max_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "cmp_max_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "cmp_max",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "constraints": [{ "class": "prelude.Ord", "type": { "k": "var", "name": "a" } }],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x", "y"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }, { "t": "var", "name": "y" }]
-        },
-        "arms": [
-          { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "type": "prelude.Ordering", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] }, "body": { "t": "var", "name": "y" } },
-          { "pat": { "p": "wild" }, "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" } }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "cmp_max" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } }
-          ]
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/compare_primitives_smoke.ail.json b/examples/compare_primitives_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index fd2b410..0000000
--- a/examples/compare_primitives_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,249 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "compare_primitives_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "match",
-            "scrutinee": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } }
-              ]
-            },
-            "arms": [
-              { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-              { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-              { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-            ]
-          }]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "seq",
-          "lhs": {
-            "t": "do",
-            "op": "io/print_int",
-            "args": [{
-              "t": "match",
-              "scrutinee": {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-                ]
-              },
-              "arms": [
-                { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                  "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                  "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                  "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-              ]
-            }]
-          },
-          "rhs": {
-            "t": "seq",
-            "lhs": {
-              "t": "do",
-              "op": "io/print_int",
-              "args": [{
-                "t": "match",
-                "scrutinee": {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } },
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-                  ]
-                },
-                "arms": [
-                  { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                    "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                  { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                    "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                  { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                    "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-                ]
-              }]
-            },
-            "rhs": {
-              "t": "seq",
-              "lhs": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{
-                  "t": "match",
-                  "scrutinee": {
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } },
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-                    ]
-                  },
-                  "arms": [
-                    { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                      "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                    { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                      "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                    { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                      "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-                  ]
-                }]
-              },
-              "rhs": {
-                "t": "seq",
-                "lhs": {
-                  "t": "do",
-                  "op": "io/print_int",
-                  "args": [{
-                    "t": "match",
-                    "scrutinee": {
-                      "t": "app",
-                      "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } },
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "arms": [
-                      { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                        "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                      { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                        "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                      { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                        "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-                    ]
-                  }]
-                },
-                "rhs": {
-                  "t": "seq",
-                  "lhs": {
-                    "t": "do",
-                    "op": "io/print_int",
-                    "args": [{
-                      "t": "match",
-                      "scrutinee": {
-                        "t": "app",
-                        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                        "args": [
-                          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } },
-                          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-                        ]
-                      },
-                      "arms": [
-                        { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                        { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                        { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-                      ]
-                    }]
-                  },
-                  "rhs": {
-                    "t": "seq",
-                    "lhs": {
-                      "t": "do",
-                      "op": "io/print_int",
-                      "args": [{
-                        "t": "match",
-                        "scrutinee": {
-                          "t": "app",
-                          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                          "args": [
-                            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "a" } },
-                            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "b" } }
-                          ]
-                        },
-                        "arms": [
-                          { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                          { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                          { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-                        ]
-                      }]
-                    },
-                    "rhs": {
-                      "t": "seq",
-                      "lhs": {
-                        "t": "do",
-                        "op": "io/print_int",
-                        "args": [{
-                          "t": "match",
-                          "scrutinee": {
-                            "t": "app",
-                            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                            "args": [
-                              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "a" } },
-                              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "a" } }
-                            ]
-                          },
-                          "arms": [
-                            { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                              "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                            { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                              "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                            { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                              "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-                          ]
-                        }]
-                      },
-                      "rhs": {
-                        "t": "do",
-                        "op": "io/print_int",
-                        "args": [{
-                          "t": "match",
-                          "scrutinee": {
-                            "t": "app",
-                            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                            "args": [
-                              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "b" } },
-                              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "a" } }
-                            ]
-                          },
-                          "arms": [
-                            { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] },
-                              "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } },
-                            { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] },
-                              "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } } },
-                            { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] },
-                              "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } } }
-                          ]
-                        }]
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/ct_1_ordering_signum.ail.json b/examples/ct_1_ordering_signum.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b00f554..0000000
--- a/examples/ct_1_ordering_signum.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"INil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"ICons"}],"doc":"Local Int-list ADT; nothing fancy.","kind":"type","name":"IntList"},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"LT","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"EQ","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"GT","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"compare","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Map an Int to -1/0/+1 via prelude.compare. Returns the sign as an Int.","kind":"fn","name":"signum","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"unit"},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"INil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"h","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"signum","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"drain","t":"var"},"t":"app","tail":true},"t":"seq"},"pat":{"ctor":"ICons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Print signum of every element of xs, in list order.","kind":"fn","name":"drain","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":7},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"INil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"ICons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"ICons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"ICons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"ICons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"ICons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"drain","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"ct_1_ordering_signum","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/ct_2_bare_cross_module.ail.json b/examples/ct_2_bare_cross_module.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index ca711e6..0000000
--- a/examples/ct_2_bare_cross_module.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"name":"m","t":"var"},"doc":"Identity over Maybe<Int>; signature uses bare `Maybe` instead of `std_maybe.Maybe`.","kind":"fn","name":"classify","params":["m"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"Maybe"}],"ret":{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"Maybe"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":99},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":7},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Just","t":"ctor","type":"std_maybe.Maybe"}],"fn":{"name":"classify","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"std_maybe.from_maybe","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[{"module":"std_maybe"}],"name":"ct_2_bare_cross_module","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/ct_3_bad_qualified.ail.json b/examples/ct_3_bad_qualified.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b037616..0000000
--- a/examples/ct_3_bad_qualified.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"name":"w","t":"var"},"doc":"Identity at mystery.Widget — but `mystery` is not a workspace module.","kind":"fn","name":"passthrough","params":["w"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"mystery.Widget"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"mystery.Widget"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"unreachable"},"t":"lit"}],"op":"io/print_str","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"ct_3_bad_qualified","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/ct_3b_bad_qualified_known_module.ail.json b/examples/ct_3b_bad_qualified_known_module.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index c53cfd0..0000000
--- a/examples/ct_3b_bad_qualified_known_module.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"name":"w","t":"var"},"doc":"Identity at std_maybe.Widget — `std_maybe` is real, but `Widget` is not in it.","kind":"fn","name":"passthrough","params":["w"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"std_maybe.Widget"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"std_maybe.Widget"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"unreachable"},"t":"lit"}],"op":"io/print_str","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[{"module":"std_maybe"}],"name":"ct_3b_bad_qualified_known_module","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/ct_4_qualified_class.ail.json b/examples/ct_4_qualified_class.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f9f4872..0000000
--- a/examples/ct_4_qualified_class.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"name":"MkBox"}],"doc":"A trivial Int wrapper.","kind":"type","name":"Box"},{"class":"prelude.Eq","kind":"instance","methods":[{"body":{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"name":"a","t":"var"},{"name":"b","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkBox","fields":[{"name":"b","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"y","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkBox","fields":[{"name":"a","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"x","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"effects":[],"paramTypes":[{"k":"con","name":"Box"},{"k":"con","name":"Box"}],"params":["x","y"],"retType":{"k":"con","name":"Bool"},"t":"lam"},"name":"eq"}],"type":{"k":"con","name":"Box"}}],"imports":[],"name":"ct_4_qualified_class","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/ctt2_collision_cls.ail.json b/examples/ctt2_collision_cls.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 11f9669..0000000
--- a/examples/ctt2_collision_cls.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ctt2_collision_cls",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "MyC",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "op",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/ctt2_collision_lib.ail.json b/examples/ctt2_collision_lib.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cf30fc..0000000
--- a/examples/ctt2_collision_lib.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ctt2_collision_lib",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "ctt2_collision_cls" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "Foo",
-      "ctors": [{ "name": "MkLib", "fields": [] }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "ctt2_collision_cls.MyC",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Foo" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "op",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["_x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Foo" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/ctt2_collision_main.ail.json b/examples/ctt2_collision_main.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 3dc6bae..0000000
--- a/examples/ctt2_collision_main.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ctt2_collision_main",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "ctt2_collision_cls" },
-    { "module": "ctt2_collision_lib" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "Foo",
-      "ctors": [{ "name": "MkMain", "fields": [] }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "ctt2_collision_cls.MyC",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Foo" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "op",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["_x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Foo" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/eq_demo.ail.json b/examples/eq_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a9782d..0000000
--- a/examples/eq_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"hi"},"p":"lit"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"ho"},"p":"lit"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"p":"wild"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"s","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Lit-pattern over Str; exercises 16c's build_eq for non-Int.","kind":"fn","name":"classify_str","params":["s"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Str"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":6},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":true},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":false},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":true},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":true},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"hi"},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"hi"},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"hi"},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"ho"},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"unit"},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"unit"},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"hi"},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"classify_str","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"ho"},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"classify_str","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"str","value":"??"},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"classify_str","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive == at Int/Bool/Str/Unit; then drive classify_str.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"eq_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/eq_float_noinstance.ail.json b/examples/eq_float_noinstance.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a77a1e..0000000
--- a/examples/eq_float_noinstance.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "eq_float_noinstance",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "3ff0000000000000" } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "4000000000000000" } }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-          "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/eq_ord_polymorphic.ail.json b/examples/eq_ord_polymorphic.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f0b14c6..0000000
--- a/examples/eq_ord_polymorphic.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "eq_ord_polymorphic",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "at_most",
-      "doc": "Composition of prelude `gt` with `not` — semantically equivalent to `le`. Used to exercise polymorphic-helper-over-prelude-fns composition through the unified mono pass.",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "constraints": [{ "class": "prelude.Ord", "type": { "k": "var", "name": "a" } }],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [
-            { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-            { "k": "var", "name": "a" }
-          ],
-          "param_modes": ["borrow", "borrow"],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x", "y"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "not" },
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "gt" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "var", "name": "x" },
-            { "t": "var", "name": "y" }
-          ]
-        }]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "if",
-            "cond": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "at_most" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }
-              ]
-            },
-            "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-            "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          }]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "seq",
-          "lhs": {
-            "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-            "args": [{
-              "t": "if",
-              "cond": {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "at_most" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } },
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-                ]
-              },
-              "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-              "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-            }]
-          },
-          "rhs": {
-            "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-            "args": [{
-              "t": "if",
-              "cond": {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "at_most" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "abc" } },
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "abd" } }
-                ]
-              },
-              "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-              "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-            }]
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/eq_ord_user_adt.ail.json b/examples/eq_ord_user_adt.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index ec5a2f6..0000000
--- a/examples/eq_ord_user_adt.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "eq_ord_user_adt",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntBox",
-      "vars": [],
-      "doc": "A one-field box around an Int, used to demonstrate that the unified mono pass synthesises eq__IntBox from a user-written instance, not from the primitive == operator.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "MkIntBox", "fields": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }] }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "prelude.Eq",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" },
-      "doc": "Eq IntBox by structural unwrap of the inner Int.",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "eq",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["a", "b"],
-            "paramTypes": [
-              { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" },
-              { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" }
-            ],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "match",
-              "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-              "arms": [{
-                "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "MkIntBox", "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "ai" }] },
-                "body": {
-                  "t": "match",
-                  "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-                  "arms": [{
-                    "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "MkIntBox", "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "bi" }] },
-                    "body": {
-                      "t": "app",
-                      "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "==" },
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "var", "name": "ai" },
-                        { "t": "var", "name": "bi" }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  }]
-                }
-              }]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "prelude.Ord",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" },
-      "doc": "Ord IntBox by delegating to Int's compare on the inner field.",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "compare",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["a", "b"],
-            "paramTypes": [
-              { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" },
-              { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" }
-            ],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "prelude.Ordering" },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "match",
-              "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-              "arms": [{
-                "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "MkIntBox", "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "ai" }] },
-                "body": {
-                  "t": "match",
-                  "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-                  "arms": [{
-                    "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "MkIntBox", "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "bi" }] },
-                    "body": {
-                      "t": "app",
-                      "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "var", "name": "ai" },
-                        { "t": "var", "name": "bi" }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  }]
-                }
-              }]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "if",
-            "cond": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor", "type": "IntBox", "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-                  "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } }]
-                },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor", "type": "IntBox", "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-                  "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } }]
-                }
-              ]
-            },
-            "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-            "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          }]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "if",
-            "cond": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor", "type": "IntBox", "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-                  "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } }]
-                },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor", "type": "IntBox", "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-                  "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }]
-                }
-              ]
-            },
-            "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-            "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/eq_primitives_smoke.ail.json b/examples/eq_primitives_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 756bb37..0000000
--- a/examples/eq_primitives_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "eq_primitives_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "to_int",
-      "doc": "1 if the bool is true, 0 otherwise. Used to render Eq results as printable Ints.",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Bool" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["b"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "if",
-        "cond": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-        "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-        "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "to_int" },
-            "args": [{
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } }
-              ]
-            }]
-          }]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "seq",
-          "lhs": {
-            "t": "do",
-            "op": "io/print_int",
-            "args": [{
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "to_int" },
-              "args": [{
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } },
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 8 } }
-                ]
-              }]
-            }]
-          },
-          "rhs": {
-            "t": "seq",
-            "lhs": {
-              "t": "do",
-              "op": "io/print_int",
-              "args": [{
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "to_int" },
-                "args": [{
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } },
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-                  ]
-                }]
-              }]
-            },
-            "rhs": {
-              "t": "seq",
-              "lhs": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "to_int" },
-                  "args": [{
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } },
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-                    ]
-                  }]
-                }]
-              },
-              "rhs": {
-                "t": "seq",
-                "lhs": {
-                  "t": "do",
-                  "op": "io/print_int",
-                  "args": [{
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "to_int" },
-                    "args": [{
-                      "t": "app",
-                      "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "hello" } },
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "hello" } }
-                      ]
-                    }]
-                  }]
-                },
-                "rhs": {
-                  "t": "do",
-                  "op": "io/print_int",
-                  "args": [{
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "to_int" },
-                    "args": [{
-                      "t": "app",
-                      "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "hello" } },
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "world" } }
-                      ]
-                    }]
-                  }]
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/escape_local_demo.ail.json b/examples/escape_local_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e76ebd2..0000000
--- a/examples/escape_local_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"name":"MkBox"}],"kind":"type","name":"Box","vars":["a"]},{"body":{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":42},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkBox","fields":[{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"b","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"name":"b","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"ctor":"MkBox","t":"ctor","type":"Box"}},"doc":"Build a Box(n), discard the payload, return 42. The Box is non-escaping.","kind":"fn","name":"peek","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"<=","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"count","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkBox","fields":[{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"b","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"name":"b","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"ctor":"MkBox","t":"ctor","type":"Box"}},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"doc":"Recurse n times; each call builds a temporary Box, discards its payload via _, and returns 0 if n<=0, else 1 + count(n-1).","kind":"fn","name":"count","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"peek","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":123},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"peek","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"count","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"count","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"escape_local_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/float_to_str_smoke.ail.json b/examples/float_to_str_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e03d3f..0000000
--- a/examples/float_to_str_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "float_to_str_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter hs.4: smoke pin for the float_to_str heap-Str builtin. `do io/print_str(float_to_str(3.5))` builds through the whole pipeline (checker resolves float_to_str:(Float)->Str, codegen lowers to call ptr @ailang_float_to_str(double 3.5), runtime/str.c's ailang_float_to_str snprintfs into a heap-Str slab via libc %g, io/print_str's @puts prints from the bytes pointer at offset 8). The exact rendering of 3.5 is libc-target-dependent; on the dev target's clang+glibc with default C locale it is the three bytes `3.5`. Single-value smoke; NaN / +Inf / -Inf edge cases are deferred per the hs.4 plan.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_str",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "float_to_str" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "400c000000000000" } }]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/floats.ail.json b/examples/floats.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 598bc9a..0000000
--- a/examples/floats.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "floats",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_float",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "3ff8000000000000" } },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "4004000000000000" } }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "seq",
-          "lhs": {
-            "t": "do",
-            "op": "io/print_float",
-            "args": [
-              {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_float" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }
-                ]
-              }
-            ]
-          },
-          "rhs": {
-            "t": "do",
-            "op": "io/print_float",
-            "args": [
-              {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "neg" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "3ff8000000000000" } }
-                ]
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/gc_stress.ail.json b/examples/gc_stress.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 57dca34..0000000
--- a/examples/gc_stress.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Nil"},{"fields":[{"k":"var","name":"a"},{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"List"}],"name":"Cons"}],"doc":"Polymorphic singly-linked list (re-declared locally).","kind":"type","name":"List","vars":["a"]},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"List"}},"doc":"Build [n, n-1, ..., 1] :: List Int via Cons recursion.","kind":"fn","name":"build","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"List"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"h","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Recursively sum a List Int.","kind":"fn","name":"sum_list","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"List"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":50},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"doc":"Build [50..1], sum, print 1275.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"gc_stress","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/ge_at_int_smoke.ail.json b/examples/ge_at_int_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index caa0589..0000000
--- a/examples/ge_at_int_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ge_at_int_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "ge" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-          "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/gt_at_bool_smoke.ail.json b/examples/gt_at_bool_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f85f5f0..0000000
--- a/examples/gt_at_bool_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "gt_at_bool_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "gt" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-          "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/heap_str_repeated_print_borrow.ail.json b/examples/heap_str_repeated_print_borrow.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 161574b..0000000
--- a/examples/heap_str_repeated_print_borrow.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "heap_str_repeated_print_borrow",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter eob.1: heap-Str passed to io/print_str twice in sequence. Under the new rule (Term::Do args = Borrow), the second call no longer triggers use-after-consume; the linearity check accepts the program. Under --alloc=rc + AILANG_RC_STATS=1 the slab allocates once and is freed once at scope close (allocs == 1, frees == 1, live == 0).",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "s",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "seq",
-          "lhs": {
-            "t": "do",
-            "op": "io/print_str",
-            "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }]
-          },
-          "rhs": {
-            "t": "do",
-            "op": "io/print_str",
-            "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }]
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/hello.ail.json b/examples/hello.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 414c6a5..0000000
--- a/examples/hello.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "hello",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_str",
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "Hello, AILang." } }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/hof.ail.json b/examples/hof.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f8172f7..0000000
--- a/examples/hof.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "hof",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "inc",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "doc": "increment by one",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "var", "name": "x" },
-          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "apply",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["f", "x"],
-      "doc": "apply a fn-of-Int to an Int",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "f" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "apply" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "var", "name": "inc" },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 41 } }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/int_to_print_int_borrow.ail.json b/examples/int_to_print_int_borrow.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index ad1b5b7..0000000
--- a/examples/int_to_print_int_borrow.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "int_to_print_int_borrow",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter eob.1: primitive Int passed to io/print_int. The rule that Term::Do args are Borrow has no observable RC effect here because Int is unboxed; the test pins that no spurious bookkeeping appears (allocs == 0, frees == 0, live == 0).",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "n",
-        "value": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "n" }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/int_to_str_drop_rc.ail.json b/examples/int_to_str_drop_rc.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b433ac..0000000
--- a/examples/int_to_str_drop_rc.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "int_to_str_drop_rc",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter hs.4: pin that `int_to_str` participates in RC discipline. Bind the heap-Str result to `s`, consume `s` once in `io/print_str`, let the binder drop at scope close. Under --alloc=rc with AILANG_RC_STATS=1 the atexit summary must report allocs == frees && live == 0 — the heap-Str slab allocated by str_alloc inside ailang_int_to_str rides the same rc_header + ailang_rc_dec path as any other RC value.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "s",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_str",
-          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/int_to_str_smoke.ail.json b/examples/int_to_str_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b3491e7..0000000
--- a/examples/int_to_str_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "int_to_str_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter hs.4: smoke pin for the int_to_str heap-Str builtin. `do io/print_str(int_to_str(42))` builds through the whole pipeline (checker resolves int_to_str:(Int)->Str, codegen lowers to call ptr @ailang_int_to_str(i64 42), runtime/str.c's ailang_int_to_str snprintfs into a heap-Str slab, io/print_str's @puts prints from the bytes pointer at offset 8). Single-value smoke; the spec's broader edge-case sweep (0, -1, i64::MAX, i64::MIN) is deferred to a follow-up tidy iter per the hs.4 plan.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_str",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/le_at_str_smoke.ail.json b/examples/le_at_str_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 785dc32..0000000
--- a/examples/le_at_str_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "le_at_str_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "le" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "abc" } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "abd" } }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-          "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/list.ail.json b/examples/list.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 0966a88..0000000
--- a/examples/list.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "list",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntList",
-      "doc": "Einfach verkettete Int-Liste, boxed.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Cons",
-          "fields": [
-            { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "sum_list",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["xs"],
-      "doc": "Summiert die Elemente einer Int-Liste rekursiv.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "var", "name": "h" },
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sum_list" },
-                  "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "t" }]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Baut [10, 20, 12] und druckt die Summe (42).",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "xs",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "ctor",
-          "type": "IntList",
-          "ctor": "Cons",
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 10 } },
-            {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 20 } },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "IntList",
-                  "ctor": "Cons",
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 12 } },
-                    {
-                      "t": "ctor",
-                      "type": "IntList",
-                      "ctor": "Nil",
-                      "args": []
-                    }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sum_list" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "xs" }]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/list_map.ail.json b/examples/list_map.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 08901f6..0000000
--- a/examples/list_map.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "list_map",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntList",
-      "doc": "Singly-linked list of Int, boxed.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Cons",
-          "fields": [
-            { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "map_int",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["f", "xs"],
-      "doc": "Apply f to every element. Recursive on the tail.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Nil",
-              "args": []
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "f" },
-                  "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "h" }]
-                },
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "map_int" },
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "var", "name": "f" },
-                    { "t": "var", "name": "t" }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "print_list",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": ["xs"],
-      "doc": "Print each Int on its own line.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "unit" } }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "seq",
-              "lhs": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "h" }]
-              },
-              "rhs": {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print_list" },
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "t" }]
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Build [1,2,3], double each, print result.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "xs",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "ctor",
-          "type": "IntList",
-          "ctor": "Cons",
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-            {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "IntList",
-                  "ctor": "Cons",
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-                    {
-                      "t": "ctor",
-                      "type": "IntList",
-                      "ctor": "Nil",
-                      "args": []
-                    }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print_list" },
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "map_int" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "lam",
-                  "params": ["x"],
-                  "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-                  "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-                  "effects": [],
-                  "body": {
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "*" },
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "var", "name": "x" },
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } }
-                    ]
-                  }
-                },
-                { "t": "var", "name": "xs" }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/list_map_poly.ail.json b/examples/list_map_poly.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a9d2646..0000000
--- a/examples/list_map_poly.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "list_map_poly",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "List",
-      "vars": ["a"],
-      "doc": "Polymorphic singly-linked list.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Cons",
-          "fields": [
-            { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-            {
-              "k": "con",
-              "name": "List",
-              "args": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "inc",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "doc": "Add 1 to an Int.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "var", "name": "x" },
-          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "map",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a", "b"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [
-            {
-              "k": "fn",
-              "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-              "ret": { "k": "var", "name": "b" },
-              "effects": []
-            },
-            {
-              "k": "con",
-              "name": "List",
-              "args": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }]
-            }
-          ],
-          "ret": {
-            "k": "con",
-            "name": "List",
-            "args": [{ "k": "var", "name": "b" }]
-          },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["f", "xs"],
-      "doc": "Polymorphic map: apply f to every element, recursing on the tail.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "List",
-              "ctor": "Nil",
-              "args": []
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "List",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "f" },
-                  "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "h" }]
-                },
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "map" },
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "var", "name": "f" },
-                    { "t": "var", "name": "t" }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "print_list",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          {
-            "k": "con",
-            "name": "List",
-            "args": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }]
-          }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": ["xs"],
-      "doc": "Print each Int on its own line.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "unit" } }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "seq",
-              "lhs": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "h" }]
-              },
-              "rhs": {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print_list" },
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "t" }],
-                "tail": true
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Map inc over [1,2,3] via polymorphic List, then print: 2,3,4.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print_list" },
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "map" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "var", "name": "inc" },
-              {
-                "t": "ctor",
-                "type": "List",
-                "ctor": "Cons",
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-                  {
-                    "t": "ctor",
-                    "type": "List",
-                    "ctor": "Cons",
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } },
-                      {
-                        "t": "ctor",
-                        "type": "List",
-                        "ctor": "Cons",
-                        "args": [
-                          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-                          {
-                            "t": "ctor",
-                            "type": "List",
-                            "ctor": "Nil",
-                            "args": []
-                          }
-                        ]
-                      }
-                    ]
-                  }
-                ]
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/lit_pat.ail.json b/examples/lit_pat.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 150fe44..0000000
--- a/examples/lit_pat.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Nil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"Cons"}],"kind":"type","name":"IntList"},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":100},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"p":"lit"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":200},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"p":"lit"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":999},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"p":"wild"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"n","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Map 0->100, 1->200, anything else->999.","kind":"fn","name":"classify","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":-1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"p":"lit"},{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"name":"h","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Empty -> -1; first element 0 -> 0; otherwise return the head.","kind":"fn","name":"categorize_first","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"classify","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"classify","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":17},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"classify","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"categorize_first","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"categorize_first","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":7},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"categorize_first","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive both fns. Expected (per line): 100, 200, 999, -1, 0, 7.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"lit_pat","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/local_rec_as_value.ail.json b/examples/local_rec_as_value.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5194e89..0000000
--- a/examples/local_rec_as_value.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"f","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"doc":"Higher-order: applies its fn argument to 5.","kind":"fn","name":"apply5","params":["f"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"<=","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"factorial","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"*","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}},"in":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"factorial","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"apply5","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"factorial","params":["n"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},"doc":"Iter 16b.5: pass a let-rec'd factorial as a value to apply5. Expected stdout: 120.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"local_rec_as_value","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/local_rec_as_value_capture.ail.json b/examples/local_rec_as_value_capture.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index d2954be..0000000
--- a/examples/local_rec_as_value_capture.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"f","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"doc":"Higher-order: applies its fn argument to 5.","kind":"fn","name":"apply5","params":["f"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"<=","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"factorial_plus","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"*","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"name":"base","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"in":{"args":[{"name":"factorial_plus","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"apply5","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"factorial_plus","params":["n"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},"doc":"Build a recursive helper that captures `base` and pass it as a value to apply5.","kind":"fn","name":"run_with_base","params":["base"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":10},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_with_base","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":100},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"run_with_base","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Iter 16b.5: pass a capturing let-rec helper as a value. Expected stdout: 1320, 12120.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"local_rec_as_value_capture","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/local_rec_capture.ail.json b/examples/local_rec_capture.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 0fdb095..0000000
--- a/examples/local_rec_capture.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":">=","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"in":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"loop","params":["i"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},"doc":"Sum 1 + 2 + ... + (n-1). Helper captures n from the enclosing scope.","kind":"fn","name":"sum_below","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":10},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive sum_below at 1, 5, 10. Expected (per line): 0, 10, 45.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"local_rec_capture","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/local_rec_demo.ail.json b/examples/local_rec_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 82b37ae..0000000
--- a/examples/local_rec_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"<=","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"fact","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"*","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}},"in":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"fact","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"fact","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"fact","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"name":"fact","params":["n"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},"doc":"Iter 16b.1: drive a let-rec'd factorial helper at three inputs. Expected stdout (per line): 1, 6, 120.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"local_rec_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/local_rec_let_capture.ail.json b/examples/local_rec_let_capture.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8aa5542..0000000
--- a/examples/local_rec_let_capture.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":">","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"name":"threshold","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"<","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"in":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"loop","params":["i"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},"name":"threshold","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"doc":"Count i in 1..=n with i < threshold, where threshold = 5+5.","kind":"fn","name":"count_below","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"count_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"count_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":15},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"count_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive count_below at 0, 5, 15. Expected (per line): 0, 5, 9.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"local_rec_let_capture","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/local_rec_match_capture.ail.json b/examples/local_rec_match_capture.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index fceab04..0000000
--- a/examples/local_rec_match_capture.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"var","name":"a"},{"k":"var","name":"b"}],"name":"MkPair"}],"kind":"type","name":"Pair","vars":["a","b"]},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":">","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"name":"threshold","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"<","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"in":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"loop","params":["i"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},"pat":{"ctor":"MkPair","fields":[{"name":"threshold","p":"var"},{"name":"n","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"p","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Match-arm captures `threshold` and `n`; inner LetRec captures both.","kind":"fn","name":"count_below","params":["p"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"Pair"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":10},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkPair","t":"ctor","type":"Pair"}],"fn":{"name":"count_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":10},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkPair","t":"ctor","type":"Pair"}],"fn":{"name":"count_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":10},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":15},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkPair","t":"ctor","type":"Pair"}],"fn":{"name":"count_below","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive count_below at MkPair 10 {0,5,15}. Expected: 0, 5, 9.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"local_rec_match_capture","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/lt_at_int_smoke.ail.json b/examples/lt_at_int_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e1728e0..0000000
--- a/examples/lt_at_int_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "lt_at_int_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "lt" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-          "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/max3.ail.json b/examples/max3.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b57964c..0000000
--- a/examples/max3.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "max3",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "max",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["a", "b"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "if",
-        "cond": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": ">" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-            { "t": "var", "name": "b" }
-          ]
-        },
-        "then": { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-        "else": { "t": "var", "name": "b" }
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "max3",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["a", "b", "c"],
-      "doc": "Demonstriert verschachteltes if (statt max-call) zum Test des Block-Trackings.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "if",
-        "cond": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": ">" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-            { "t": "var", "name": "b" }
-          ]
-        },
-        "then": {
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": ">" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-              { "t": "var", "name": "c" }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-          "else": { "t": "var", "name": "c" }
-        },
-        "else": {
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": ">" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-              { "t": "var", "name": "c" }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-          "else": { "t": "var", "name": "c" }
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "max3" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 17 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 9 } }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/maybe_int.ail.json b/examples/maybe_int.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 863ef1e..0000000
--- a/examples/maybe_int.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "maybe_int",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "Maybe",
-      "vars": ["a"],
-      "doc": "Optional value with a polymorphic payload.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "None", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Some",
-          "fields": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "or_else",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          {
-            "k": "con",
-            "name": "Maybe",
-            "args": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }]
-          },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["m", "d"],
-      "doc": "Returns the wrapped Int for Some(x) and the default d for None.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "m" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "None", "fields": [] },
-            "body": { "t": "var", "name": "d" }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Some",
-              "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "x" }]
-            },
-            "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Print or_else for both arms; expected 7 then 99.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "or_else" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "Maybe",
-                  "ctor": "Some",
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } }
-                  ]
-                },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 99 } }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "or_else" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "Maybe",
-                  "ctor": "None",
-                  "args": []
-                },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 99 } }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mono_hash_pin_smoke.ail.json b/examples/mono_hash_pin_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a6aa2d..0000000
--- a/examples/mono_hash_pin_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mono_hash_pin_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "ord_to_int",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "prelude.Ordering" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["o"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "o" },
-        "arms": [
-          { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "type": "prelude.Ordering", "ctor": "LT", "fields": [] }, "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": -1 } } },
-          { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "type": "prelude.Ordering", "ctor": "EQ", "fields": [] }, "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } } },
-          { "pat": { "p": "ctor", "type": "prelude.Ordering", "ctor": "GT", "fields": [] }, "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } } }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do", "op": "io/print_bool",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-            ]
-          }]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "seq",
-          "lhs": {
-            "t": "do", "op": "io/print_bool",
-            "args": [{
-              "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-              ]
-            }]
-          },
-          "rhs": {
-            "t": "seq",
-            "lhs": {
-              "t": "do", "op": "io/print_bool",
-              "args": [{
-                "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "eq" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "a" } },
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "a" } }
-                ]
-              }]
-            },
-            "rhs": {
-              "t": "seq",
-              "lhs": {
-                "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{
-                  "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "ord_to_int" },
-                  "args": [{
-                    "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-                      { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } }
-                    ]
-                  }]
-                }]
-              },
-              "rhs": {
-                "t": "seq",
-                "lhs": {
-                  "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-                  "args": [{
-                    "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "ord_to_int" },
-                    "args": [{
-                      "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } },
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-                      ]
-                    }]
-                  }]
-                },
-                "rhs": {
-                  "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-                  "args": [{
-                    "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "ord_to_int" },
-                    "args": [{
-                      "t": "app", "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "compare" },
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "a" } },
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "b" } }
-                      ]
-                    }]
-                  }]
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq1_xmod_constraint_class.ail.json b/examples/mq1_xmod_constraint_class.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 49114ed..0000000
--- a/examples/mq1_xmod_constraint_class.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq1_xmod_constraint_class",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "mq1_xmod_constraint_class_dep" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "useShow",
-      "doc": "Positive mq.1 fixture: a polymorphic fn that takes a single value and a Show constraint, ignores the value, and returns Unit. Exercises the qualified `Constraint.class` shape end-to-end (loader + validator + check_workspace).",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "constraints": [
-          { "class": "mq1_xmod_constraint_class_dep.Show",
-            "type": { "k": "var", "name": "a" } }
-        ],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "param_modes": ["borrow"],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["_x"],
-      "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "unit" } }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq1_xmod_constraint_class_dep.ail.json b/examples/mq1_xmod_constraint_class_dep.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a98799..0000000
--- a/examples/mq1_xmod_constraint_class_dep.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq1_xmod_constraint_class_dep",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "Show",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "show",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq.ail.json b/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c684af..0000000
--- a/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_classmod" },
-    { "module": "mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_fnmod" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "doc": "mq.3.6 fixture (c): bare `myeq 1 2` in a workspace with `class MyEq` (in classmod) and `fn myeq` (in fnmod) both imported. Fn wins per lookup precedence; the typechecker emits `class-method-shadowed-by-fn` warning so the LLM-author sees the shadow.",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_bool",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "myeq" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_classmod.ail.json b/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_classmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 97b9d0e..0000000
--- a/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_classmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_classmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "MyEq",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "myeq",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [
-              { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-              { "k": "var", "name": "a" }
-            ],
-            "param_modes": ["borrow", "borrow"],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "MyEq",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "myeq",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x", "y"],
-            "paramTypes": [
-              { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-              { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-            ],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_fnmod.ail.json b/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_fnmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f1cc44..0000000
--- a/examples/mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_fnmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_fnmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "myeq",
-      "doc": "mq.3.6 fixture (c) helper: free fn `myeq` that shadows the class method `myeq` declared in `mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq_classmod`. Always returns false so the fn-wins precedence is observable at runtime if the e2e test ever runs the binary.",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-        ],
-        "param_modes": ["borrow", "borrow"],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["x", "y"],
-      "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous.ail.json b/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f2e8a68..0000000
--- a/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a" },
-    { "module": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous_b" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "doc": "mq.3.6 fixture (a): bare `show 42` in a workspace where two Show classes (in modA and modB) each ship Show Int. Without an explicit qualifier the dispatch is genuinely ambiguous; the typechecker must fire `ambiguous-method-resolution` naming both candidate classes.",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_str",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "show" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a.ail.json b/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a90e3e3..0000000
--- a/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "Show",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "show",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "param_modes": ["borrow"],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Show",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "show",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous_b.ail.json b/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous_b.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index ef1750c..0000000
--- a/examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous_b.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous_b",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "Show",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "show",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "param_modes": ["borrow"],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Show",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "show",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/mq3_two_show_qualified.ail.json b/examples/mq3_two_show_qualified.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a7145b..0000000
--- a/examples/mq3_two_show_qualified.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "mq3_two_show_qualified",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a" },
-    { "module": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous_b" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "doc": "mq.3.6 fixture (b): explicit qualifier `mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a.Show.show 42` disambiguates the same workspace as fixture (a). Resolves cleanly to modA's class; typecheck passes.",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_str",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a.Show.show" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/ne_at_int_smoke.ail.json b/examples/ne_at_int_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 3223fca..0000000
--- a/examples/ne_at_int_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ne_at_int_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do", "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "if",
-          "cond": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "ne" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }
-            ]
-          },
-          "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-          "else": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/nested_let_rec.ail.json b/examples/nested_let_rec.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f901975..0000000
--- a/examples/nested_let_rec.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":">","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"j","t":"var"},{"name":"i","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":">","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"j","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"inner","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"in":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"inner","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"inner","params":["j"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"i","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"outer","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"in":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"outer","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"outer","params":["i"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},"doc":"Sum 1 + 2 + ... + n by nested LetRec helpers; inner captures outer's param i.","kind":"fn","name":"nested_sum","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"nested_sum","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"nested_sum","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"nested_sum","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive nested_sum at 1, 3, 5. Expected (per line): 1, 6, 15.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"nested_let_rec","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/nested_pat.ail.json b/examples/nested_pat.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 123663b..0000000
--- a/examples/nested_pat.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"name":"a","t":"var"},{"name":"b","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"a","p":"var"},{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"b","p":"var"},{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"p":"wild"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Sum of the first two elements of an Int list, or 0 if shorter than two.","kind":"fn","name":"first_two_sum","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"args":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"k":"con","name":"std_list.List"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":10},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":20},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":30},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"std_list.List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"std_list.List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"std_list.List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"std_list.List"}],"fn":{"name":"first_two_sum","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[{"module":"std_list"}],"name":"nested_pat","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/ordering_match.ail.json b/examples/ordering_match.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 57264de..0000000
--- a/examples/ordering_match.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ordering_match",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": {
-          "k": "con",
-          "name": "Unit"
-        },
-        "effects": [
-          "IO"
-        ]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "match",
-            "scrutinee": {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "prelude.Ordering",
-              "ctor": "LT",
-              "args": []
-            },
-            "arms": [
-              {
-                "pat": {
-                  "p": "ctor",
-                  "ctor": "LT",
-                  "fields": []
-                },
-                "body": {
-                  "t": "lit",
-                  "lit": {
-                    "kind": "int",
-                    "value": 1
-                  }
-                }
-              },
-              {
-                "pat": {
-                  "p": "ctor",
-                  "ctor": "EQ",
-                  "fields": []
-                },
-                "body": {
-                  "t": "lit",
-                  "lit": {
-                    "kind": "int",
-                    "value": 2
-                  }
-                }
-              },
-              {
-                "pat": {
-                  "p": "ctor",
-                  "ctor": "GT",
-                  "fields": []
-                },
-                "body": {
-                  "t": "lit",
-                  "lit": {
-                    "kind": "int",
-                    "value": 3
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      },
-      "doc": "Iter 23.1 fixture: pattern-match on prelude Ordering ctor without explicit prelude import."
-    }
-  ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/pat_extract_partial_drop.ail.json b/examples/pat_extract_partial_drop.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 665908e..0000000
--- a/examples/pat_extract_partial_drop.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Nil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"Cons"}],"doc":"Recursive Int list — boxed.","kind":"type","name":"IntList"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"Pair"}],"doc":"Two IntLists side by side. Both fields are pointer-typed; the test exercises move-tracking against EACH slot independently.","kind":"type","name":"Pair"},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"h","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Consume xs, sum its elements.","kind":"fn","name":"sum_list","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"a","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"pat":{"ctor":"Pair","fields":[{"name":"a","p":"var"},{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"p","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"name":"p","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":4},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":6},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Pair","t":"ctor","type":"Pair"}},"doc":"Build Pair([1,2,3], [4,5,6]); pattern-bind first slot only; sum first list. The wildcarded second slot's IntList lives only inside the Pair box; closing the Pair's let scope must dec it (non-moved) while skipping the moved first slot.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"pat_extract_partial_drop","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/poly_apply.ail.json b/examples/poly_apply.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a6e40f9..0000000
--- a/examples/poly_apply.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "poly_apply",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "apply",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a", "b"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [
-            {
-              "k": "fn",
-              "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-              "ret": { "k": "var", "name": "b" },
-              "effects": []
-            },
-            { "k": "var", "name": "a" }
-          ],
-          "ret": { "k": "var", "name": "b" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["f", "x"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "f" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "succ",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["n"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "var", "name": "n" },
-          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "apply" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "var", "name": "succ" },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 41 } }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/poly_id.ail.json b/examples/poly_id.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cfd580..0000000
--- a/examples/poly_id.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "poly_id",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "id",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "id" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_bool",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "id" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/poly_rec_capture.ail.json b/examples/poly_rec_capture.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ba493c..0000000
--- a/examples/poly_rec_capture.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"args":[{"name":"x","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"doc":"Helper: increment Int. Used as the Fn(Int) -> Int instance.","kind":"fn","name":"succ","params":["x"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"b","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"not","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"doc":"Helper: boolean negation as a top-level fn (so it has an adapter for value-position).","kind":"fn","name":"flip","params":["b"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Bool"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Bool"}}},{"body":{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"k","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"k","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"name":"acc","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"f","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"name":"acc","t":"var"}},"in":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"name":"x","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"loop","params":["k","acc"],"t":"letrec","type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"a"}}},"doc":"Apply f to x exactly n times. Polymorphic in a.","kind":"fn","name":"apply_n_times","params":["n","x","f"],"type":{"body":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"var","name":"a"},{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"a"}}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"a"}},"k":"forall","vars":["a"]}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"name":"succ","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"apply_n_times","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":4},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":false},"t":"lit"},{"name":"flip","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"apply_n_times","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive apply_n_times at Int (succ 5 times from 0) and Bool (not 4 times from false).","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"poly_rec_capture","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/rc_app_let_partial_drop_leak.ail.json b/examples/rc_app_let_partial_drop_leak.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 906991f..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_app_let_partial_drop_leak.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"name":"MkWrap"}],"kind":"type","name":"Wrap"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Wrap"},{"k":"con","name":"Wrap"}],"name":"MkCell"}],"kind":"type","name":"Cell"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Cell"},{"k":"con","name":"Cell"}],"name":"MkPair"}],"kind":"type","name":"Pair"},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"}],"ctor":"MkCell","t":"ctor","type":"Cell"},{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":4},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"}],"ctor":"MkCell","t":"ctor","type":"Cell"}],"ctor":"MkPair","t":"ctor","type":"Pair"},"kind":"fn","name":"build_pair","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Pair"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkCell","fields":[{"name":"w1","p":"var"},{"name":"w2","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"c","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"kind":"fn","name":"use_cell","params":["c"],"suppress":[{"because":"RC codegen test: shape used to feed App-bound let-close partial-drop into use_cell","code":"over-strict-mode"}],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"Cell"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"name":"a","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"use_cell","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkPair","fields":[{"name":"a","p":"var"},{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"p","t":"var"},"t":"match"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"p","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"build_pair","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_app_let_partial_drop_leak","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_box_drop.ail.json b/examples/rc_box_drop.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b84d22e..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_box_drop.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "rc_box_drop",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "Box",
-      "vars": [],
-      "doc": "Single-cell ADT around an Int. Iter 18c.3 RC fixture: shallow free is sufficient because Box has no boxed children.",
-      "ctors": [
-        {
-          "name": "MkBox",
-          "fields": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Bind a heap-allocated MkBox to `b`, read its Int via match, print it. Under --alloc=rc, codegen emits `ailang_rc_dec(b)` at the let scope close: `b` is unique, has zero consume uses (only the match scrutinee, a borrow), and the body's tail value is the printed Unit, not `b` itself. The Box has no boxed children so shallow `free()` is correct.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "b",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "ctor",
-          "type": "Box",
-          "ctor": "MkBox",
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "match",
-          "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-          "arms": [
-            {
-              "pat": {
-                "p": "ctor",
-                "ctor": "MkBox",
-                "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "x" }]
-              },
-              "body": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail.json b/examples/rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index cf80367..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_drop_iterative_long_list.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"INil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"ICons"}],"drop-iterative":true,"kind":"type","name":"IntList"},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"name":"acc","t":"var"}],"ctor":"ICons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"cons_n_acc","t":"var"},"t":"app","tail":true},"t":"if","then":{"name":"acc","t":"var"}},"doc":"Tail-recursive list builder. acc-prepended.","kind":"fn","name":"cons_n_acc","params":["n","acc"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"args":[],"ctor":"INil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"cons_n_acc","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"doc":"Build [1, 2, ..., n] :: IntList. Order is reverse of build but immaterial for head/sum.","kind":"fn","name":"cons_n","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"INil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"name":"h","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"ICons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Take ownership of an IntList; return its head if ICons, else 0. The (own ...) signature signals 18d.4 to emit an Own-param drop at fn return — which under the (drop-iterative) annotation is the iterative-worklist body, freeing the entire chain via the heap-allocated worklist instead of recursive cascade.","kind":"fn","name":"head_or_zero","params":["xs"],"suppress":[{"because":"Iter 18e test: forces (drop-iterative) cascade via Own-param drop at fn return","code":"over-strict-mode"}],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1000000},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"cons_n","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"head_or_zero","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_drop_iterative_long_list","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_let_alias_implicit_param.ail.json b/examples/rc_let_alias_implicit_param.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 08808b8..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_let_alias_implicit_param.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"TLeaf"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"name":"TNode"}],"kind":"type","name":"Tree"},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"ctor":"TNode","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[],"ctor":"TLeaf","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"}},"kind":"fn","name":"build","params":["d"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Tree"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"TLeaf","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"TNode","fields":[{"name":"v","p":"var"},{"name":"l","p":"var"},{"name":"r","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"a","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"name":"a","t":"let","value":{"name":"t","t":"var"}},"kind":"fn","name":"pin_aliased","params":["t"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"_v","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"pin_aliased","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"kind":"fn","name":"loop","params":["n","t"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"},{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"t","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_let_alias_implicit_param","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_let_implicit_returning_app.ail.json b/examples/rc_let_implicit_returning_app.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a9ff2e5..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_let_implicit_returning_app.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"name":"MkT"}],"kind":"type","name":"T"},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"ctor":"MkT","t":"ctor","type":"T"},"kind":"fn","name":"alloc","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"T"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"name":"v","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkT","fields":[{"name":"v","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"x","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"kind":"fn","name":"unbox","params":["x"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["borrow"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"T"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"x","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"unbox","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"x","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":7},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"alloc","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_let_implicit_returning_app","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_let_owned_app_leak.ail.json b/examples/rc_let_owned_app_leak.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ca603f..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_let_owned_app_leak.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"TLeaf"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"name":"TNode"}],"kind":"type","name":"Tree"},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"ctor":"TNode","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[],"ctor":"TLeaf","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"}},"kind":"fn","name":"build","params":["d"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Tree"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"TLeaf","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"TNode","fields":[{"name":"v","p":"var"},{"name":"l","p":"var"},{"name":"r","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"t","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"kind":"fn","name":"pin","params":["t"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["borrow"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"pin","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"t","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_let_owned_app_leak","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_list_drop.ail.json b/examples/rc_list_drop.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1430303..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_list_drop.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "rc_list_drop",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntList",
-      "doc": "Recursive Int list. Iter 18c.4 RC fixture: codegen emits `drop_rc_list_drop_IntList` whose `Cons` arm recursively calls itself on the tail field.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Cons",
-          "fields": [
-            { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "sum_list",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["xs"],
-      "doc": "Recursive fold over IntList.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "var", "name": "h" },
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sum_list" },
-                  "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "t" }]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Build a 5-element IntList [1,2,3,4,5] and print its sum (15). Under --alloc=rc the recursive drop_rc_list_drop_IntList fn cascades through the tail at process exit when sum_list returns ownership-implicit (the consume_count of `xs` is 1 so no dec at the outer let; the test's correctness invariant is the byte-identical stdout — leak quantification is 18f's bench).",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "xs",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "ctor",
-          "type": "IntList",
-          "ctor": "Cons",
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-            {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "IntList",
-                  "ctor": "Cons",
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-                    {
-                      "t": "ctor",
-                      "type": "IntList",
-                      "ctor": "Cons",
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 4 } },
-                        {
-                          "t": "ctor",
-                          "type": "IntList",
-                          "ctor": "Cons",
-                          "args": [
-                            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } },
-                            {
-                              "t": "ctor",
-                              "type": "IntList",
-                              "ctor": "Nil",
-                              "args": []
-                            }
-                          ]
-                        }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sum_list" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "xs" }]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/rc_list_drop_borrow.ail.json b/examples/rc_list_drop_borrow.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ab909f..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_list_drop_borrow.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "rc_list_drop_borrow",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntList",
-      "doc": "Recursive Int list. Iter 18c.4 RC fixture: codegen emits a recursive drop fn; this fixture keeps the binder consume_count at 0 so the drop call actually fires at scope close, exercising the recursive cascade at runtime over a 5-element list.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Cons",
-          "fields": [
-            { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Build a 5-element IntList and print only its head via match. xs has consume_count == 0 (only the match scrutinee, a borrow), so under --alloc=rc the let scope close emits `drop_rc_list_drop_borrow_IntList(xs)` which recursively dec-cascades over the whole 5-cell chain.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "xs",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "ctor",
-          "type": "IntList",
-          "ctor": "Cons",
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 11 } },
-            {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 22 } },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "IntList",
-                  "ctor": "Cons",
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 33 } },
-                    {
-                      "t": "ctor",
-                      "type": "IntList",
-                      "ctor": "Cons",
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 44 } },
-                        {
-                          "t": "ctor",
-                          "type": "IntList",
-                          "ctor": "Cons",
-                          "args": [
-                            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 55 } },
-                            {
-                              "t": "ctor",
-                              "type": "IntList",
-                              "ctor": "Nil",
-                              "args": []
-                            }
-                          ]
-                        }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "match",
-          "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-          "arms": [
-            {
-              "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-              "body": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }]
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "pat": {
-                "p": "ctor",
-                "ctor": "Cons",
-                "fields": [
-                  { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                  { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-                ]
-              },
-              "body": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "h" }]
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/rc_match_arm_partial_drop_leak.ail.json b/examples/rc_match_arm_partial_drop_leak.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f0106ed..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_match_arm_partial_drop_leak.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"name":"MkWrap"}],"kind":"type","name":"Wrap"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Wrap"},{"k":"con","name":"Wrap"}],"name":"MkCell"}],"kind":"type","name":"Cell"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Cell"},{"k":"con","name":"Cell"}],"name":"MkPair"}],"kind":"type","name":"Pair"},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"}],"ctor":"MkCell","t":"ctor","type":"Cell"},{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":4},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"}],"ctor":"MkCell","t":"ctor","type":"Cell"}],"ctor":"MkPair","t":"ctor","type":"Pair"},"kind":"fn","name":"build_pair","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Pair"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkCell","fields":[{"name":"w1","p":"var"},{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"a","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkPair","fields":[{"name":"a","p":"var"},{"name":"b","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"p","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"kind":"fn","name":"use_first","params":["p"],"suppress":[{"because":"RC codegen test: exercises Iter A outer-arm-close partial-drop","code":"over-strict-mode"}],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"Pair"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"build_pair","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"use_first","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_match_arm_partial_drop_leak","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_own_param_drop.ail.json b/examples/rc_own_param_drop.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index fc5d8a0..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_own_param_drop.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Nil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"Cons"}],"doc":"Recursive Int list — boxed.","kind":"type","name":"IntList"},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"name":"h","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Take ownership of an IntList; return its head if Cons, else 0. The tail is loaded as a pattern binder but never consumed — iter A dec's it at arm close. The outer cell is dec'd at fn return via iter B's Own-param emission.","kind":"fn","name":"head_or_zero","params":["xs"],"suppress":[{"because":"RC codegen test: exercises Iter B Own-param dec at fn return","code":"over-strict-mode"}],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"xs","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"head_or_zero","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"xs","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":11},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":22},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":33},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":44},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":55},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}},"doc":"Build a 5-element IntList; pass to head_or_zero (transferring ownership); print the result.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_own_param_drop","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_own_param_partial_drop_leak.ail.json b/examples/rc_own_param_partial_drop_leak.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5be8841..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_own_param_partial_drop_leak.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"name":"MkWrap"}],"kind":"type","name":"Wrap"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Wrap"},{"k":"con","name":"Wrap"}],"name":"MkCell"}],"kind":"type","name":"Cell"},{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Cell"},{"k":"con","name":"Cell"}],"name":"MkPair"}],"kind":"type","name":"Pair"},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"}],"ctor":"MkCell","t":"ctor","type":"Cell"},{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":4},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"MkWrap","t":"ctor","type":"Wrap"}],"ctor":"MkCell","t":"ctor","type":"Cell"}],"ctor":"MkPair","t":"ctor","type":"Pair"},"kind":"fn","name":"build_pair","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Pair"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"MkPair","fields":[{"name":"a","p":"var"},{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"p","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"kind":"fn","name":"use_first","params":["p"],"suppress":[{"because":"RC codegen test: exercises Iter B fn-return dynamic-tag partial-drop","code":"over-strict-mode"}],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"Pair"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"build_pair","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"use_first","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_own_param_partial_drop_leak","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/rc_pin_recurse_implicit.ail.json b/examples/rc_pin_recurse_implicit.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e0e34bb..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_pin_recurse_implicit.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"TLeaf"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"name":"TNode"}],"kind":"type","name":"Tree"},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"d","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"ctor":"TNode","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"},"t":"if","then":{"args":[],"ctor":"TLeaf","t":"ctor","type":"Tree"}},"kind":"fn","name":"build","params":["d"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"TLeaf","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"TNode","fields":[{"name":"v","p":"var"},{"name":"l","p":"var"},{"name":"r","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"t","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"kind":"fn","name":"pin","params":["t"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"name":"_v","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"pin","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"t":"if","then":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}},"kind":"fn","name":"loop","params":["n","t"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Tree"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"},{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"loop","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"t","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"build","t":"var"},"t":"app"}},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_pin_recurse_implicit","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/rc_tail_sum_explicit_leak.ail.json b/examples/rc_tail_sum_explicit_leak.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6592581..0000000
--- a/examples/rc_tail_sum_explicit_leak.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"LNil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"name":"LCons"}],"drop-iterative":true,"kind":"type","name":"IntList"},{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"-","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"name":"acc","t":"var"}],"ctor":"LCons","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"cons_n_acc","t":"var"},"t":"app","tail":true},"t":"if","then":{"name":"acc","t":"var"}},"kind":"fn","name":"cons_n_acc","params":["n","acc"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["implicit","own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"IntList"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"n","t":"var"},{"args":[],"ctor":"LNil","t":"ctor","type":"IntList"}],"fn":{"name":"cons_n_acc","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"kind":"fn","name":"cons_n","params":["n"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"IntList"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"name":"acc","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"LNil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"acc","t":"var"},{"name":"h","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_acc","t":"var"},"t":"app","tail":true},"pat":{"ctor":"LCons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"kind":"fn","name":"sum_acc","params":["xs","acc"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own","implicit"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"},{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"xs","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_acc","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"kind":"fn","name":"sum_list","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"IntList"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":100},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"cons_n","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"rc_tail_sum_explicit_leak","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/reuse_as_demo.ail.json b/examples/reuse_as_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 71194fd..0000000
--- a/examples/reuse_as_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[],"name":"Nil"},{"fields":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"List"}],"name":"Cons"}],"doc":"Monomorphic singly-linked Int list — boxed, recursive.","kind":"type","name":"List"},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"List"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"h","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"map_inc","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"},"source":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"reuse-as"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Increment each Int in xs. The Cons arm uses (reuse-as xs ...) — author asserts that the freshly-allocated Cons cell should reuse xs's slot. In 18d.1 codegen treats this as identity.","kind":"fn","name":"map_inc","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"List"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"List"},"ret_mode":"own"}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Nil","fields":[],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"h","t":"var"},{"args":[{"name":"t","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Cons","fields":[{"name":"h","p":"var"},{"name":"t","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"xs","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Consume xs, sum its elements.","kind":"fn","name":"sum_list","params":["xs"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","param_modes":["own"],"params":[{"k":"con","name":"List"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"xs","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"map_inc","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"sum_list","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"name":"xs","t":"let","value":{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"},{"args":[],"ctor":"Nil","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"}],"ctor":"Cons","t":"ctor","type":"List"}},"doc":"Build [1,2,3]; map_inc → [2,3,4]; sum_list → 9. Print 9.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"reuse_as_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/show_mono_pin_smoke.ail.json b/examples/show_mono_pin_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index c7df4ed..0000000
--- a/examples/show_mono_pin_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "show_mono_pin_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "s1",
-        "value": { "t": "app",
-                   "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "show" },
-                   "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }] },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "let",
-          "name": "s2",
-          "value": { "t": "app",
-                     "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "show" },
-                     "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }] },
-          "body": {
-            "t": "let",
-            "name": "s3",
-            "value": { "t": "app",
-                       "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "show" },
-                       "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "x" } }] },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "let",
-              "name": "s4",
-              "value": { "t": "app",
-                         "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "show" },
-                         "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "3ff8000000000000" } }] },
-              "body": { "t": "do",
-                        "op": "io/print_str",
-                        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s1" }] }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/show_no_instance.ail.json b/examples/show_no_instance.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b5ecba3..0000000
--- a/examples/show_no_instance.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "show_no_instance",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "f",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" }
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "f" }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/show_print_smoke.ail.json b/examples/show_print_smoke.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 04f8dc2..0000000
--- a/examples/show_print_smoke.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "show_print_smoke",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "seq",
-          "lhs": {
-            "t": "seq",
-            "lhs": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-            },
-            "rhs": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }]
-            }
-          },
-          "rhs": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "hello" } }]
-          }
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "float", "bits": "40091eb851eb851f" } }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/show_user_adt.ail.json b/examples/show_user_adt.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index dc37e2f..0000000
--- a/examples/show_user_adt.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "show_user_adt",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntBox",
-      "vars": [],
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "MkIntBox",
-          "fields": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }] }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "prelude.Show",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "show",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "match",
-              "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "x" },
-              "arms": [
-                {
-                  "pat": { "p": "ctor",
-                           "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-                           "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "n" }] },
-                  "body": {
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-                    "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "n" }]
-                  }
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print" },
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "ctor",
-            "type": "IntBox",
-            "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } }] }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/sort.ail.json b/examples/sort.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b5cff48..0000000
--- a/examples/sort.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,329 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "sort",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntList",
-      "doc": "Singly-linked Int list, boxed.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Cons",
-          "fields": [
-            { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "insert",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["y", "xs"],
-      "doc": "Insert y into a sorted list xs, preserving order.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "var", "name": "y" },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "IntList",
-                  "ctor": "Nil",
-                  "args": []
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "if",
-              "cond": {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "<=" },
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "var", "name": "y" },
-                  { "t": "var", "name": "h" }
-                ]
-              },
-              "then": {
-                "t": "ctor",
-                "type": "IntList",
-                "ctor": "Cons",
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "var", "name": "y" },
-                  {
-                    "t": "ctor",
-                    "type": "IntList",
-                    "ctor": "Cons",
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "var", "name": "h" },
-                      { "t": "var", "name": "t" }
-                    ]
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "else": {
-                "t": "ctor",
-                "type": "IntList",
-                "ctor": "Cons",
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "var", "name": "h" },
-                  {
-                    "t": "app",
-                    "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "insert" },
-                    "args": [
-                      { "t": "var", "name": "y" },
-                      { "t": "var", "name": "t" }
-                    ]
-                  }
-                ]
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "sort",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "IntList" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["xs"],
-      "doc": "Insertion sort: build the result by inserting each head into the sorted tail.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Nil",
-              "args": []
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "insert" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "var", "name": "h" },
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sort" },
-                  "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "t" }]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "print_list",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "IntList" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": ["xs"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "unit" } }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "var", "name": "t" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "seq",
-              "lhs": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_int",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "h" }]
-              },
-              "rhs": {
-                "t": "app",
-                "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print_list" },
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "t" }],
-                "tail": true
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Sort and print [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5].",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "xs",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "ctor",
-          "type": "IntList",
-          "ctor": "Cons",
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-            {
-              "t": "ctor",
-              "type": "IntList",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-                {
-                  "t": "ctor",
-                  "type": "IntList",
-                  "ctor": "Cons",
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 4 } },
-                    {
-                      "t": "ctor",
-                      "type": "IntList",
-                      "ctor": "Cons",
-                      "args": [
-                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-                        {
-                          "t": "ctor",
-                          "type": "IntList",
-                          "ctor": "Cons",
-                          "args": [
-                            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } },
-                            {
-                              "t": "ctor",
-                              "type": "IntList",
-                              "ctor": "Cons",
-                              "args": [
-                                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 9 } },
-                                {
-                                  "t": "ctor",
-                                  "type": "IntList",
-                                  "ctor": "Cons",
-                                  "args": [
-                                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } },
-                                    {
-                                      "t": "ctor",
-                                      "type": "IntList",
-                                      "ctor": "Cons",
-                                      "args": [
-                                        { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 6 } },
-                                        {
-                                          "t": "ctor",
-                                          "type": "IntList",
-                                          "ctor": "Cons",
-                                          "args": [
-                                            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } },
-                                            {
-                                              "t": "ctor",
-                                              "type": "IntList",
-                                              "ctor": "Cons",
-                                              "args": [
-                                                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } },
-                                                {
-                                                  "t": "ctor",
-                                                  "type": "IntList",
-                                                  "ctor": "Cons",
-                                                  "args": [
-                                                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } },
-                                                    {
-                                                      "t": "ctor",
-                                                      "type": "IntList",
-                                                      "ctor": "Nil",
-                                                      "args": []
-                                                    }
-                                                  ]
-                                                }
-                                              ]
-                                            }
-                                          ]
-                                        }
-                                      ]
-                                    }
-                                  ]
-                                }
-                              ]
-                            }
-                          ]
-                        }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "print_list" },
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sort" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "xs" }]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/std_either.ail.json b/examples/std_either.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 114667f..0000000
--- a/examples/std_either.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"ctors":[{"fields":[{"k":"var","name":"e"}],"name":"Left"},{"fields":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"name":"Right"}],"doc":"Disjoint sum: Left<e> for the failure branch, Right<a> for the success branch. Right is the conventional 'success' side.","kind":"type","name":"Either","vars":["e","a"]},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"name":"v","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"Right","fields":[{"name":"v","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"name":"default","t":"var"},"pat":{"ctor":"Left","fields":[{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"x","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Project the Right<a> payload, or use the default for Left<_>.","kind":"fn","name":"from_right","params":["default","x"],"type":{"body":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"var","name":"a"},{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"e"},{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"Either"}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"a"}},"k":"forall","vars":["e","a"]}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":true},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Left","fields":[{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":false},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Right","fields":[{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"x","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Returns true iff x is Left<_>.","kind":"fn","name":"is_left","params":["x"],"type":{"body":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"e"},{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"Either"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Bool"}},"k":"forall","vars":["e","a"]}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":false},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Left","fields":[{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"lit":{"kind":"bool","value":true},"t":"lit"},"pat":{"ctor":"Right","fields":[{"p":"wild"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"x","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Returns true iff x is Right<_>.","kind":"fn","name":"is_right","params":["x"],"type":{"body":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"e"},{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"Either"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Bool"}},"k":"forall","vars":["e","a"]}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"v","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"f","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"ctor":"Right","t":"ctor","type":"Either"},"pat":{"ctor":"Right","fields":[{"name":"v","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"l","t":"var"}],"ctor":"Left","t":"ctor","type":"Either"},"pat":{"ctor":"Left","fields":[{"name":"l","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"x","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Apply f to the Right<a> payload; pass Left<e> through untouched.","kind":"fn","name":"map_right","params":["f","x"],"type":{"body":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"b"}},{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"e"},{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"Either"}],"ret":{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"e"},{"k":"var","name":"b"}],"k":"con","name":"Either"}},"k":"forall","vars":["e","a","b"]}},{"body":{"arms":[{"body":{"args":[{"name":"l","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"on_left","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Left","fields":[{"name":"l","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}},{"body":{"args":[{"name":"r","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"on_right","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"pat":{"ctor":"Right","fields":[{"name":"r","p":"var"}],"p":"ctor"}}],"scrutinee":{"name":"x","t":"var"},"t":"match"},"doc":"Eliminator: apply on_left to a Left payload, on_right to a Right payload, fold both branches into the same result type c.","kind":"fn","name":"either","params":["on_left","on_right","x"],"type":{"body":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"var","name":"e"}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"c"}},{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"c"}},{"args":[{"k":"var","name":"e"},{"k":"var","name":"a"}],"k":"con","name":"Either"}],"ret":{"k":"var","name":"c"}},"k":"forall","vars":["e","a","c"]}}],"imports":[],"name":"std_either","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/std_either_demo.ail.json b/examples/std_either_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index eb8bd46..0000000
--- a/examples/std_either_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"args":[{"name":"x","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":1},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"+","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"doc":"Add 1 to an Int. Used as the function arg to map_right and either.","kind":"fn","name":"inc","params":["x"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":42},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Right","t":"ctor","type":"std_either.Either"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.from_right","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":99},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":7},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Left","t":"ctor","type":"std_either.Either"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.from_right","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":7},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Left","t":"ctor","type":"std_either.Either"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.is_left","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":42},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Right","t":"ctor","type":"std_either.Either"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.is_right","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_bool","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"},{"args":[{"name":"inc","t":"var"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":41},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Right","t":"ctor","type":"std_either.Either"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.map_right","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.from_right","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"inc","t":"var"},{"name":"inc","t":"var"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":5},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Left","t":"ctor","type":"std_either.Either"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.either","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"name":"inc","t":"var"},{"name":"inc","t":"var"},{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":100},"t":"lit"}],"ctor":"Right","t":"ctor","type":"std_either.Either"}],"fn":{"name":"std_either.either","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive each std_either combinator. Expected outputs (per line): 42, 99, true, true, 42, 6, 101.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[{"module":"std_either"}],"name":"std_either_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
diff --git a/examples/std_either_list.ail.json b/examples/std_either_list.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f5d9c7f..0000000
--- a/examples/std_either_list.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/examples/std_list_demo.ail.json b/examples/std_list_demo.ail.json
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diff --git a/examples/std_list_more_demo.ail.json b/examples/std_list_more_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e4c9a3..0000000
--- a/examples/std_list_more_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
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diff --git a/examples/std_list_stress.ail.json b/examples/std_list_stress.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8798a19..0000000
--- a/examples/std_list_stress.ail.json
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diff --git a/examples/std_maybe.ail.json b/examples/std_maybe.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a920447..0000000
--- a/examples/std_maybe.ail.json
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diff --git a/examples/std_maybe_demo.ail.json b/examples/std_maybe_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e6140e..0000000
--- a/examples/std_maybe_demo.ail.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/std_pair.ail.json b/examples/std_pair.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d9e2c9..0000000
--- a/examples/std_pair.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
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diff --git a/examples/std_pair_demo.ail.json b/examples/std_pair_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c09bb9..0000000
--- a/examples/std_pair_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/examples/str_clone_cross_realisation.ail.json b/examples/str_clone_cross_realisation.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f0399f..0000000
--- a/examples/str_clone_cross_realisation.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "str_clone_cross_realisation",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter 24.1: cross-realisation invariant for str_clone. Clones a heap-Str (produced by int_to_str 42) AND a static-Str (literal `abc`); both clones produce fresh heap-Str slabs that print their input bytes. Pins the uniform-consumer-ABI claim — str_clone only reads the len-field at offset 0 plus the bytes plus the NUL; it never consults the (absent for static-Str) rc_header. RC stats under --alloc=rc: allocs == 3 (int_to_str output + two str_clone outputs), frees == 3, live == 0.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "src_heap",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "let",
-          "name": "c1",
-          "value": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "str_clone" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "src_heap" }]
-          },
-          "body": {
-            "t": "let",
-            "name": "c2",
-            "value": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "str_clone" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "abc" } }]
-            },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "let",
-              "name": "_a",
-              "value": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_str",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "c1" }]
-              },
-              "body": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_str",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "c2" }]
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/str_clone_drop_rc.ail.json b/examples/str_clone_drop_rc.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2dbf3e1..0000000
--- a/examples/str_clone_drop_rc.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "str_clone_drop_rc",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter 24.1: pin that `str_clone` participates in RC discipline AND emits correct bytes. Input is a static-Str literal; the clone produces a fresh heap-Str slab whose payload is byte-equal to the input. RC stats under --alloc=rc with AILANG_RC_STATS=1: allocs == 1 (the clone), frees == 1 (let-binder drop at scope close), live == 0.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "s",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "str_clone" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "hello" } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_str",
-          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/str_field_in_adt_heap.ail.json b/examples/str_field_in_adt_heap.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b3ad25f..0000000
--- a/examples/str_field_in_adt_heap.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "str_field_in_adt_heap",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "Boxed",
-      "vars": [],
-      "doc": "Iter hs.4 fixture: single-cell ADT around a Str field. Used to pin the drop discipline for ADTs that carry a heap-Str payload — both the ADT cell and the heap-Str inside it must round-trip through the RC walk.",
-      "ctors": [
-        {
-          "name": "Box",
-          "fields": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Str" }]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter hs.4: pin that `field_drop_call` for `Str` correctly dispatches to `ailang_rc_dec` when the Str payload is heap-Str. Construct `Box(int_to_str(42))`, bind, pattern-match to read the Str, print it. Under --alloc=rc with AILANG_RC_STATS=1: allocs >= 2 (ADT cell + heap-Str slab), allocs == frees, live == 0. drop.rs's Str-arm comment names the codegen-level elision that protects static-Str from this same path; here the Str is heap-allocated so rc_dec is the right (and only) consumer.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "b",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "ctor",
-          "type": "Boxed",
-          "ctor": "Box",
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "match",
-          "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-          "arms": [
-            {
-              "pat": {
-                "p": "ctor",
-                "ctor": "Box",
-                "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "s" }]
-              },
-              "body": {
-                "t": "do",
-                "op": "io/print_str",
-                "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }]
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/sum.ail.json b/examples/sum.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a480b8b..0000000
--- a/examples/sum.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "sum",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "sum",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["n"],
-      "doc": "rekursive Summe 0..=n",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "if",
-        "cond": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "==" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "var", "name": "n" },
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          ]
-        },
-        "then": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } },
-        "else": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "var", "name": "n" },
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sum" },
-              "args": [
-                {
-                  "t": "app",
-                  "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "-" },
-                  "args": [
-                    { "t": "var", "name": "n" },
-                    { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-                  ]
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "sum" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 10 } }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_dup_a.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_dup_a.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index dd6d870..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_dup_a.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_dup_a",
-  "imports": [
-    {
-      "module": "test_22b1_dup_b"
-    },
-    {
-      "module": "test_22b1_dup_classmod"
-    }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "test_22b1_dup_classmod.TShow",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "con",
-        "name": "test_22b1_dup_b.MyInt"
-      },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lit",
-            "lit": {
-              "kind": "str",
-              "value": "from-a"
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_dup_b.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_dup_b.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index d5a8a83..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_dup_b.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_dup_b",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "test_22b1_dup_classmod" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "MyInt",
-      "ctors": [
-        {
-          "name": "MkMyInt",
-          "fields": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "test_22b1_dup_classmod.TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "MyInt" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "from-b" } }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_dup_classmod.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_dup_classmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d90ff1..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_dup_classmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_dup_classmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_dup_entry.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_dup_entry.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 58acd54..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_dup_entry.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_dup_entry",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "test_22b1_dup_a" },
-    { "module": "test_22b1_dup_b" },
-    { "module": "test_22b1_dup_classmod" }
-  ],
-  "defs": []
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_dup_same_module.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_dup_same_module.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 65d1a83..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_dup_same_module.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_dup_same_module",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "first" } }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "second" } }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_missing_method.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_missing_method.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2eaf7f8..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_missing_method.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_missing_method",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TEq",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "teq",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [
-              { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-              { "k": "var", "name": "a" }
-            ],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "tne",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [
-              { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-              { "k": "var", "name": "a" }
-            ],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TEq",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tne",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_orphan_class.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_orphan_class.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 894a6de..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_orphan_class.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_orphan_class",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "<int>" } }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_orphan_third.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_orphan_third.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c30c8f..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_orphan_third.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_orphan_third",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "test_22b1_orphan_third_classmod" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "test_22b1_orphan_third_classmod.TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "<int>" } }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b1_orphan_third_classmod.ail.json b/examples/test_22b1_orphan_third_classmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 67bf0bb..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b1_orphan_third_classmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b1_orphan_third_classmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_class_method_lookup.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_class_method_lookup.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e6e9015..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_class_method_lookup.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_class_method_lookup",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "n" } }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_constraint_declared.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_constraint_declared.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index cf19dce..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_constraint_declared.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_constraint_declared",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "describe",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "constraints": [
-          { "class": "TShow", "type": { "k": "var", "name": "a" } }
-        ],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_constraint_declared_via_superclass.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_constraint_declared_via_superclass.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e4e3f3..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_constraint_declared_via_superclass.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_constraint_declared_via_superclass",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TEq", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "teq",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TOrd", "param": "a",
-      "superclass": { "class": "TEq", "type": "a" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tlt",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "uses_eq_via_ord",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "constraints": [
-          { "class": "TOrd", "type": { "k": "var", "name": "a" } }
-        ],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x", "y"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "teq" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }, { "t": "var", "name": "y" }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_instance_present.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_instance_present.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7004403..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_instance_present.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_instance_present",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TShow", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "n" } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_class.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_class.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 92b49da..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_class.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_class",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "A", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "foo",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "B", "param": "b",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "foo",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "b" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_fn.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_fn.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cc92fa..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_fn.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_method_name_collision_class_fn",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "Greet", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "greet",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn", "name": "greet",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" }, "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "hi" } }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_missing_constraint.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_missing_constraint.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index be2fd5b..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_missing_constraint.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_missing_constraint",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "describe",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_missing_constraint_subclass.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_missing_constraint_subclass.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a276a07..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_missing_constraint_subclass.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_missing_constraint_subclass",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TEq", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "teq",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TOrd", "param": "a",
-      "superclass": { "class": "TEq", "type": "a" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tlt",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "needs_ord_but_only_has_eq",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "constraints": [
-          { "class": "TEq", "type": { "k": "var", "name": "a" } }
-        ],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x", "y"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tlt" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }, { "t": "var", "name": "y" }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_missing_superclass_instance.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_missing_superclass_instance.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index beda5b5..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_missing_superclass_instance.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_missing_superclass_instance",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TEq", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "teq",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TOrd", "param": "a",
-      "superclass": { "class": "TEq", "type": "a" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tlt",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TOrd",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tlt",
-        "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-      }]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_no_instance.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_no_instance.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5805590..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_no_instance.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_no_instance",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_overriding_nonexistent.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_overriding_nonexistent.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e194055..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_overriding_nonexistent.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_overriding_nonexistent",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TEq",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "teq",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }, { "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TEq",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "teq",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }
-        },
-        {
-          "name": "ne",
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": false } }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_two_fns_missing_constraint.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_two_fns_missing_constraint.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e6c2ed1..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_two_fns_missing_constraint.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_two_fns_missing_constraint",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "describe_first",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "describe_second",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["b"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "b" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["y"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "y" }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_classmod.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_xmod_classmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 013023f..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_classmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_xmod_classmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "n" } }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_classmod_noinst.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_xmod_classmod_noinst.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index d9cec8d..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_classmod_noinst.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_xmod_classmod_noinst",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "TShow",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_instance_present.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_xmod_instance_present.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 959a69e..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_instance_present.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_xmod_instance_present",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "test_22b2_xmod_classmod" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_missing_constraint.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_xmod_missing_constraint.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 27da36c..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_missing_constraint.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_xmod_missing_constraint",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "test_22b2_xmod_classmod_noinst" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "describe",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "forall",
-        "vars": ["a"],
-        "body": {
-          "k": "fn",
-          "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "effects": []
-        }
-      },
-      "params": ["x"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_no_instance.ail.json b/examples/test_22b2_xmod_no_instance.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 9217612..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b2_xmod_no_instance.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b2_xmod_no_instance",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "test_22b2_xmod_classmod_noinst" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_chained_calls.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_chained_calls.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b117d57..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_chained_calls.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_chained_calls",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "B", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "b_method",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "A", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "a_method",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, "effects": []
-        },
-        "default": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "b_method" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }]
-          }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "B",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "b_method",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["y"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": { "t": "var", "name": "y" }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "A",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": []
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "a_method" },
-        "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_coherence_two_instances.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_coherence_two_instances.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b77dfa..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_coherence_two_instances.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_coherence_two_instances",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "R", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "r",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "R",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "r",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 11 } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "R",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Bool" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "r",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["b"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 22 } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "seq",
-        "lhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "r" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }]
-          }]
-        },
-        "rhs": {
-          "t": "do",
-          "op": "io/print_int",
-          "args": [{
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "r" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "bool", "value": true } }]
-          }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_default_e2e.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_default_e2e.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 67e92c5..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_default_e2e.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_default_e2e",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "D", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "dval",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, "effects": []
-        },
-        "default": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 99 } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "D",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": []
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "dval" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }]
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_dup_call_sites.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_dup_call_sites.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 67834f3..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_dup_call_sites.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_dup_call_sites",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TShow", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "n" } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "_a",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } }]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_mono_synthetic.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_mono_synthetic.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index ff3b3de..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_mono_synthetic.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_mono_synthetic",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "Foo", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "foo",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Foo",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "foo",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["i"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": { "t": "var", "name": "i" }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "foo" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }]
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_no_call_sites.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_no_call_sites.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index c4d8c39..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_no_call_sites.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_no_call_sites",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TShow", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "n" } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "no-call" } }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_shadow_class_method.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_shadow_class_method.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5378cda..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_shadow_class_method.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_shadow_class_method",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "TShow", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "Foo", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "foo",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "TShow",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "tshow",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "s" } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Foo",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "foo",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "f" } }
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "let",
-        "name": "_t",
-        "value": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }]
-        },
-        "body": {
-          "t": "let",
-          "name": "tshow",
-          "value": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "str", "value": "shadow" } },
-          "body": {
-            "t": "let",
-            "name": "_u",
-            "value": { "t": "var", "name": "tshow" },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "foo" },
-              "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } }]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_xmod_e2e_classmod.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_xmod_e2e_classmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7072912..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_xmod_e2e_classmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_xmod_e2e_classmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class", "name": "XR", "param": "a",
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "xr",
-        "type": {
-          "k": "fn", "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, "effects": []
-        }
-      }]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "XR",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [{
-        "name": "xr",
-        "body": {
-          "t": "lam",
-          "params": ["x"],
-          "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-          "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } }
-        }
-      }]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22b3_xmod_e2e_main.ail.json b/examples/test_22b3_xmod_e2e_main.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 985a846..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22b3_xmod_e2e_main.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22b3_xmod_e2e_main",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "test_22b3_xmod_e2e_classmod" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn", "params": [], "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [{
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "xr" },
-          "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }]
-        }]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_22c_user_class_e2e.ail.json b/examples/test_22c_user_class_e2e.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 81a0a62..0000000
--- a/examples/test_22c_user_class_e2e.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_22c_user_class_e2e",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "IntBox",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "MkIntBox", "fields": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }] }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "Foo",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "foo",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "param_modes": ["borrow"],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Foo",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "IntBox" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "foo",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["b"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "body": {
-              "t": "match",
-              "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "b" },
-              "arms": [
-                {
-                  "pat": {
-                    "p": "ctor",
-                    "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-                    "fields": [{ "p": "var", "name": "v" }]
-                  },
-                  "body": { "t": "var", "name": "v" }
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "foo" },
-            "args": [
-              {
-                "t": "ctor",
-                "type": "IntBox",
-                "ctor": "MkIntBox",
-                "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_mono_ctor_listmod.ail.json b/examples/test_mono_ctor_listmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index fe82087..0000000
--- a/examples/test_mono_ctor_listmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_mono_ctor_listmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "type",
-      "name": "List",
-      "vars": ["a"],
-      "doc": "Minimal polymorphic list for the mono-pass cross-module ctor-pattern bug fixture.",
-      "ctors": [
-        { "name": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-        {
-          "name": "Cons",
-          "fields": [
-            { "k": "var", "name": "a" },
-            { "k": "con", "name": "List", "args": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }] }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_mono_ctor_main.ail.json b/examples/test_mono_ctor_main.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index d5a1f02..0000000
--- a/examples/test_mono_ctor_main.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_mono_ctor_main",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "test_mono_ctor_listmod" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "Trivial",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "trivial",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Trivial",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "trivial",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "head_or_zero",
-      "doc": "Pattern-matches Cons from an imported module's List<Int>. Bug repro: with a class+instance present in the workspace, the mono pass walks this body and synth's local-flat ctor_index resolves Cons to bare \"List\", which mismatches the qualified scrutinee type \"test_mono_ctor_listmod.List<Int>\".",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          {
-            "k": "con",
-            "name": "test_mono_ctor_listmod.List",
-            "args": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }]
-          }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["xs"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "match",
-        "scrutinee": { "t": "var", "name": "xs" },
-        "arms": [
-          {
-            "pat": {
-              "p": "ctor",
-              "ctor": "Cons",
-              "fields": [
-                { "p": "var", "name": "h" },
-                { "p": "wild" }
-              ]
-            },
-            "body": { "t": "var", "name": "h" }
-          },
-          {
-            "pat": { "p": "ctor", "ctor": "Nil", "fields": [] },
-            "body": { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "head_or_zero" },
-            "args": [
-              {
-                "t": "ctor",
-                "ctor": "Cons",
-                "type": "test_mono_ctor_listmod.List",
-                "args": [
-                  { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 7 } },
-                  {
-                    "t": "ctor",
-                    "ctor": "Nil",
-                    "type": "test_mono_ctor_listmod.List",
-                    "args": []
-                  }
-                ]
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_mono_imports_classmod.ail.json b/examples/test_mono_imports_classmod.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e07dfd..0000000
--- a/examples/test_mono_imports_classmod.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_mono_imports_classmod",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "Foo",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "foo",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Foo",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "foo",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "helper",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["n"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "var", "name": "n" },
-          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 100 } }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_mono_imports_main.ail.json b/examples/test_mono_imports_main.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 99eb6e3..0000000
--- a/examples/test_mono_imports_main.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_mono_imports_main",
-  "imports": [{ "module": "test_mono_imports_classmod" }],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "test_mono_imports_classmod.helper" },
-            "args": [{ "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 42 } }]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/test_mono_recursive_fn_bug.ail.json b/examples/test_mono_recursive_fn_bug.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1859501..0000000
--- a/examples/test_mono_recursive_fn_bug.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "test_mono_recursive_fn_bug",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "class",
-      "name": "Foo",
-      "param": "a",
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "foo",
-          "type": {
-            "k": "fn",
-            "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "effects": []
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "instance",
-      "class": "Foo",
-      "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-      "methods": [
-        {
-          "name": "foo",
-          "body": {
-            "t": "lam",
-            "params": ["x"],
-            "paramTypes": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
-            "retType": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-            "body": { "t": "var", "name": "x" }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "loop",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [{ "k": "con", "name": "Int" }, { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["acc", "i"],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "if",
-        "cond": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "==" },
-          "args": [
-            { "t": "var", "name": "i" },
-            { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } }
-          ]
-        },
-        "then": { "t": "var", "name": "acc" },
-        "else": {
-          "t": "app",
-          "tail": true,
-          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "loop" },
-          "args": [
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "var", "name": "acc" },
-                { "t": "var", "name": "i" }
-              ]
-            },
-            {
-              "t": "app",
-              "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "-" },
-              "args": [
-                { "t": "var", "name": "i" },
-                { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } }
-              ]
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "loop" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 0 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 5 } }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/unreachable_demo.ail.json b/examples/unreachable_demo.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index ec59acc..0000000
--- a/examples/unreachable_demo.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"defs":[{"body":{"cond":{"args":[{"name":"b","t":"var"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":0},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"==","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"else":{"args":[{"name":"a","t":"var"},{"name":"b","t":"var"}],"fn":{"name":"/","t":"var"},"t":"app"},"t":"if","then":{"name":"__unreachable__","t":"var"}},"doc":"a/b for b != 0; otherwise panic via __unreachable__.","kind":"fn","name":"safe_div","params":["a","b"],"type":{"effects":[],"k":"fn","params":[{"k":"con","name":"Int"},{"k":"con","name":"Int"}],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Int"}}},{"body":{"lhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":8},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":2},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"safe_div","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"rhs":{"args":[{"args":[{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":15},"t":"lit"},{"lit":{"kind":"int","value":3},"t":"lit"}],"fn":{"name":"safe_div","t":"var"},"t":"app"}],"op":"io/print_int","t":"do"},"t":"seq"},"doc":"Drive safe_div with non-zero divisors. Expected: 4, 5.","kind":"fn","name":"main","params":[],"type":{"effects":["IO"],"k":"fn","params":[],"ret":{"k":"con","name":"Unit"}}}],"imports":[],"name":"unreachable_demo","schema":"ailang/v0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/ws_broken.ail.json b/examples/ws_broken.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a66ab2b..0000000
--- a/examples/ws_broken.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ws_broken",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "ws_lib" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter 5b negative fixture: ruft ws_lib.bogus auf — Modul existiert, Def nicht. Triggert `unknown-import`.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "ws_lib.bogus" },
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 1 } },
-          { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/ws_lib.ail.json b/examples/ws_lib.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bcb8ab1..0000000
--- a/examples/ws_lib.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ws_lib",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "add",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-          { "k": "con", "name": "Int" }
-        ],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": ["a", "b"],
-      "doc": "Iter 5a fixture: einfache Add-Funktion, die ws_main importiert.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "app",
-        "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "+" },
-        "args": [
-          { "t": "var", "name": "a" },
-          { "t": "var", "name": "b" }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/ws_main.ail.json b/examples/ws_main.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bcc7512..0000000
--- a/examples/ws_main.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ws_main",
-  "imports": [
-    { "module": "ws_lib" }
-  ],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
-        "effects": ["IO"]
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter 5b fixture: ruft ws_lib.add auf, druckt das Ergebnis. So ist Cross-Module-Typcheck am Beispiel beobachtbar.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "do",
-        "op": "io/print_int",
-        "args": [
-          {
-            "t": "app",
-            "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "ws_lib.add" },
-            "args": [
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 2 } },
-              { "t": "lit", "lit": { "kind": "int", "value": 3 } }
-            ]
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/examples/ws_unknown_module.ail.json b/examples/ws_unknown_module.ail.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 50967ce..0000000
--- a/examples/ws_unknown_module.ail.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "schema": "ailang/v0",
-  "name": "ws_unknown_module",
-  "imports": [],
-  "defs": [
-    {
-      "kind": "fn",
-      "name": "main",
-      "type": {
-        "k": "fn",
-        "params": [],
-        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
-        "effects": []
-      },
-      "params": [],
-      "doc": "Iter 5b negative fixture: kein Import, aber qualifizierter Verweis `nope.x`. Triggert `unknown-module`.",
-      "body": {
-        "t": "var",
-        "name": "nope.x"
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}