diff --git a/src/ast/closure.rs b/src/ast/closure.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56fa69e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ast/closure.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use crate::ast::nodes::{AnalyzedNode, ExecNode};
+use crate::ast::types::{Object, Value};
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+/// A compiled closure: a function body together with its captured upvalues.
+///
+/// Closures are the primary callable value in Myc Script. They are created by
+/// `fn`-expressions and stored as `Value::Closure`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Closure {
+    /// The executable parameter pattern.
+    pub parameter_node: Rc<ExecNode>,
+    /// The analyzed body (before TCO transformation).
+    pub function_node: Rc<AnalyzedNode>,
+    /// The executable node (after TCO transformation).
+    pub exec_node: Rc<ExecNode>,
+    /// Captured variables from enclosing scopes.
+    pub upvalues: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Value>>>,
+    /// Number of positional parameters, if known statically.
+    pub positional_count: Option<u32>,
+    /// Number of stack slots required for this closure (set during compilation).
+    pub stack_size: u32,
+}
+
+impl Closure {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        params: Rc<ExecNode>,
+        body: Rc<AnalyzedNode>,
+        exec: Rc<ExecNode>,
+        upvalues: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Value>>>,
+        positional_count: Option<u32>,
+        stack_size: u32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            parameter_node: params,
+            function_node: body,
+            exec_node: exec,
+            upvalues,
+            positional_count,
+            stack_size,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Object for Closure {
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "closure"
+    }
+
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn into_rc_any(self: Rc<Self>) -> Rc<dyn Any> {
+        self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/engine.rs b/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/engine.rs
index 99d6990..51e9398 100644
--- a/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/engine.rs
+++ b/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/engine.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::ast::nodes::{
     IdentifierBinding, LambdaBinding, Node, NodeKind, UpvalueIdx, VirtualId,
 };
 use crate::ast::types::{Purity, Value};
-use crate::ast::vm::Closure;
+use crate::ast::closure::Closure;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
diff --git a/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/inliner.rs b/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/inliner.rs
index 7531512..71e4694 100644
--- a/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/inliner.rs
+++ b/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/inliner.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::ast::nodes::{
     Address, AnalyzedNode, IdentifierBinding, NodeKind, VirtualId,
 };
 use crate::ast::types::{Purity, Value};
-use crate::ast::vm::Closure;
+use crate::ast::closure::Closure;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::rc::Rc;
diff --git a/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/utils.rs b/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/utils.rs
index 33c4396..833f420 100644
--- a/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/utils.rs
+++ b/src/ast/compiler/optimizer/utils.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::ast::nodes::{
     NodeKind, VirtualId,
 };
 use crate::ast::types::{Identity, Value};
-use crate::ast::vm::Closure;
+use crate::ast::closure::Closure;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 // --- PathTracker ---
diff --git a/src/ast/environment.rs b/src/ast/environment.rs
index a5afb43..1a0cc2c 100644
--- a/src/ast/environment.rs
+++ b/src/ast/environment.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ use crate::ast::compiler::binder::{Binder, CompilerScope, LocalInfo};
 use crate::ast::compiler::{CapturePass, TypeChecker, TypedNode};
 use crate::ast::nodes::{AnalyzedPhase, Symbol, SyntaxKind, SyntaxNode};
 use crate::ast::parser::Parser;
-use crate::ast::vm::{Closure, TracingObserver, VM};
+use crate::ast::closure::Closure;
+use crate::ast::vm::{TracingObserver, VM};
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
diff --git a/src/ast/mod.rs b/src/ast/mod.rs
index 2bfd8ac..2307e48 100644
--- a/src/ast/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ast/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+pub mod closure;
 pub mod compiler;
 pub mod diagnostics;
 pub mod environment;
diff --git a/src/ast/vm.rs b/src/ast/vm.rs
index 42c07c3..ec20d4d 100644
--- a/src/ast/vm.rs
+++ b/src/ast/vm.rs
@@ -1,58 +1,11 @@
-use crate::ast::nodes::{Address, AnalyzedNode, ExecNode, IdentifierBinding, NodeKind, StackOffset};
+use crate::ast::closure::Closure;
+use crate::ast::nodes::{Address, ExecNode, IdentifierBinding, NodeKind, StackOffset};
 use crate::ast::rtl::series::{RecordSeries, SeriesView};
 use crate::ast::rtl::streams::{build_map_stream, build_pipeline_node, StreamNode};
 use crate::ast::types::{Object, PipeFn, Value};
-use std::any::Any;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Closure {
-    /// The executable parameter pattern.
-    pub parameter_node: Rc<ExecNode>,
-    /// The analyzed body (before TCO).
-    pub function_node: Rc<AnalyzedNode>,
-    /// The executable node (after TCO).
-    pub exec_node: Rc<ExecNode>,
-    pub upvalues: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Value>>>,
-    pub positional_count: Option<u32>,
-    /// The number of stack slots required for this closure (calculated late).
-    pub stack_size: u32,
-}
-
-impl Closure {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn new(
-        params: Rc<ExecNode>,
-        body: Rc<AnalyzedNode>,
-        exec: Rc<ExecNode>,
-        upvalues: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Value>>>,
-        positional_count: Option<u32>,
-        stack_size: u32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            parameter_node: params,
-            function_node: body,
-            exec_node: exec,
-            upvalues,
-            positional_count,
-            stack_size,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Object for Closure {
-    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "closure"
-    }
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
-        self
-    }
-    fn into_rc_any(self: Rc<Self>) -> Rc<dyn Any> {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CallFrame {
     stack_base: usize,