fix: settle silent-only cases to Empty oneliner state

Introduce `TranscriptState { Pending, Silent, Content }` in
doctate-common as the canonical three-way state of a recording's
`.transcript.txt` sidecar. Previously each call-site projected the
raw `Option<String>` / `.exists()` onto its own 2-state view and the
projections disagreed: the UI treated a 0-byte silent transcript like
`Content` while the oneliner worker treated it like `Pending`,
leaving silent-only cases stuck on "generiere Titel …" forever with
no persisted oneliner.json.

`update_oneliner` now settles a silent-only case to
`OnelinerState::Empty` when no `Content` transcript exists and no
recording is still `Pending`, so the UI resolves to "unbenannt" and
recovery treats it as terminal.

Single reader: `paths::read_transcript_state`. All call-sites
(scan_recordings, compute_oneliner_display, has_pending_recordings,
all_transcripts_joined, read_recordings, enqueue_pending_for_user,
scan_m4as, cases_needing_oneliner_in, case_recordings.html) go
through the same typed abstraction and must handle `Silent` via
exhaustive match.

Regression tests:
- silent_case_empty_test: heal path settles silent-only case to
  Empty without calling Ollama
- case_page_silent_only_shows_empty_not_generating: UI renders
  "unbenannt", not "generiere Titel …"

doctate-common/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 pub mod ack;
 pub mod constants;
 pub mod oneliners;
+pub mod recordings;
 pub mod timestamp;
 
 pub use ack::{AckResponse, AckStatus};
@@ -9,4 +10,5 @@ pub use constants::{
     UPLOAD_PATH,
 };
 pub use oneliners::{ONELINERS_PATH, OnelinerEntry, OnelinersResponse};
+pub use recordings::TranscriptState;
 pub use timestamp::{filename_stem_to_recorded_at, now_rfc3339, recorded_at_to_filename_stem};

doctate-common/src/recordings.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+//! Recording-side domain types shared between server and clients.
+//!
+//! The recording lifecycle on disk has three disjoint states for the
+//! `.transcript.txt` sidecar, which is easy to conflate because the
+//! filesystem collapses two of them onto "file exists":
+//!
+//! 1. `Pending`  — no file yet, the transcriber hasn't run (or hasn't
+//!    finished) for this recording.
+//! 2. `Silent`   — file exists but is empty / whitespace-only. The
+//!    transcriber classified the audio as silence. Terminal: the next
+//!    transcribe pass will not overwrite it unless the user re-uploads.
+//! 3. `Content`  — file exists with real text.
+//!
+//! Call-sites that collapse this onto a 2-state view (`Option<String>`,
+//! `.exists()`, `is_empty()`) drift apart and have caused real bugs:
+//! e.g. the UI treating `Silent` like `Content` while the oneliner
+//! worker treated it like `Pending`, leaving cases stuck in
+//! "Generating" forever.
+//!
+//! `TranscriptState` is the canonical representation. It is parse-only
+//! (no I/O) so this crate stays dependency-free; the server does the
+//! actual file read via `server::paths::read_transcript_state`.
+
+/// Three-way state of a recording's `.transcript.txt` sidecar.
+///
+/// Introduced to force every call-site to decide explicitly how it
+/// treats `Silent` recordings via `match` exhaustiveness.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TranscriptState {
+    /// No `.transcript.txt` file yet — transcriber hasn't produced
+    /// a result. Callers should typically wait or enqueue.
+    Pending,
+    /// File exists but is empty or whitespace-only. Terminal state:
+    /// the transcriber already ran and classified this recording as
+    /// silence. Treat as "transcribed, no medical content".
+    Silent,
+    /// File exists with non-empty content.
+    Content(String),
+}
+
+impl TranscriptState {
+    /// Build a `TranscriptState` from raw read-result bytes.
+    ///
+    /// - `None` (file missing / read error) → [`Self::Pending`].
+    /// - `Some(s)` with `s.trim().is_empty()` → [`Self::Silent`].
+    /// - `Some(s)` otherwise → [`Self::Content`] (stores the full,
+    ///   untrimmed content — downstream joiners may want the original
+    ///   whitespace around the text).
+    pub fn from_raw(raw: Option<&str>) -> Self {
+        match raw {
+            None => Self::Pending,
+            Some(s) if s.trim().is_empty() => Self::Silent,
+            Some(s) => Self::Content(s.to_owned()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// True when the transcriber has finished for this recording,
+    /// regardless of whether it produced content or silence. Use this
+    /// for UI "is the transcription done?" checks — `Silent` counts.
+    pub fn has_file(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(self, Self::Pending)
+    }
+
+    /// True when there is no file yet and the transcriber still owes
+    /// us a result. Use this for "should I enqueue transcription?" or
+    /// "is a oneliner worth deferring?" gates.
+    pub fn is_pending(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Pending)
+    }
+
+    /// Non-empty transcript text, if any. Returns `None` for both
+    /// `Pending` and `Silent` — callers that need to distinguish must
+    /// `match` directly.
+    pub fn as_content(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Content(s) => Some(s.as_str()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_file_is_pending() {
+        assert_eq!(TranscriptState::from_raw(None), TranscriptState::Pending);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_string_is_silent() {
+        assert_eq!(TranscriptState::from_raw(Some("")), TranscriptState::Silent);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn whitespace_only_is_silent() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            TranscriptState::from_raw(Some("   \n\t  \n")),
+            TranscriptState::Silent
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_is_content() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            TranscriptState::from_raw(Some("Hallo")),
+            TranscriptState::Content("Hallo".to_owned())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_with_trailing_whitespace_preserved() {
+        // Downstream join logic may rely on the original bytes;
+        // from_raw keeps them verbatim.
+        assert_eq!(
+            TranscriptState::from_raw(Some("Hallo Welt.\n")),
+            TranscriptState::Content("Hallo Welt.\n".to_owned())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn has_file_distinguishes_pending() {
+        assert!(!TranscriptState::Pending.has_file());
+        assert!(TranscriptState::Silent.has_file());
+        assert!(TranscriptState::Content("x".into()).has_file());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn as_content_only_for_content() {
+        assert_eq!(TranscriptState::Pending.as_content(), None);
+        assert_eq!(TranscriptState::Silent.as_content(), None);
+        assert_eq!(TranscriptState::Content("x".into()).as_content(), Some("x"));
+    }
+}

server/src/analyze/auto_trigger.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use tracing::warn;
 use super::{ANALYSIS_INPUT_FILE, AnalysisInput, AnalyzeJob, AnalyzeSender, DOCUMENT_FILE};
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::events::{self, CaseEventKind, EventSender};
+use crate::paths;
 use crate::routes::case_actions::build_analysis_input;
 
 /// Filename of the per-case failure marker. Written by the worker on
@@ -253,8 +254,14 @@ async fn scan_m4as(case_dir: &Path) -> M4aScan {
             });
         }
 
-        let transcript = entry.path().with_extension("transcript.txt");
-        if !tokio::fs::try_exists(&transcript).await.unwrap_or(false) {
+        // Analyze gate: "all transcribed" means every m4a has passed
+        // through the transcriber, regardless of whether that produced
+        // `Content` or `Silent` output. Only `Pending` (no sidecar)
+        // holds the trigger back.
+        if paths::read_transcript_state(&entry.path())
+            .await
+            .is_pending()
+        {
             scan.all_transcribed = false;
         }
     }

server/src/paths.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
+use doctate_common::TranscriptState;
 use doctate_common::oneliners::{ONELINER_FILENAME, OnelinerState};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
@@ -81,3 +82,20 @@ pub async fn read_oneliner_state(
         .map(OffsetDateTime::from);
     (Some(state), mtime)
 }
+
+/// Load the `.transcript.txt` sidecar for a recording as a
+/// [`TranscriptState`].
+///
+/// `audio_stem_path` is the non-`.failed` stem path of the recording
+/// (e.g. `case_dir/2026-04-16T16-23-38Z.m4a`) — the sidecar sits next
+/// to it with extension `.transcript.txt`.
+///
+/// This is the single reader for that sidecar. Every call-site that
+/// used to do `tokio::fs::read_to_string(...).ok()` or
+/// `with_extension("transcript.txt").exists()` should go through here
+/// so the three-state semantics stay consistent across the codebase.
+pub async fn read_transcript_state(audio_stem_path: &Path) -> TranscriptState {
+    let transcript_path = audio_stem_path.with_extension("transcript.txt");
+    let raw = tokio::fs::read_to_string(&transcript_path).await.ok();
+    TranscriptState::from_raw(raw.as_deref())
+}

server/src/routes/case_actions.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use time::format_description::well_known::Rfc3339;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use tracing::{info, warn};
 
+use doctate_common::TranscriptState;
 use doctate_common::oneliners::ONELINER_FILENAME;
 use doctate_common::timestamp::{filename_stem_to_recorded_at, now_rfc3339};
 
@@ -22,7 +23,9 @@ use crate::case_id::CaseIdPath;
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::error::AppError;
 use crate::events::{self, CaseEventKind, EventSender};
-use crate::paths::{CLOSE_MARKER, CloseMarker, read_close_marker, write_close_marker};
+use crate::paths::{
+    CLOSE_MARKER, CloseMarker, read_close_marker, read_transcript_state, write_close_marker,
+};
 use crate::routes::user_web::locate_case_or_404;
 use crate::routes::web::validate_filename;
 
@@ -185,22 +188,25 @@ fn compute_last_mtime(m4as: &[(PathBuf, SystemTime)]) -> SystemTime {
         .unwrap_or(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
 }
 
-/// Read the `.transcript.txt` sidecar for every m4a. Any missing
-/// transcript aborts with the legacy 400 "Nicht alle Aufnahmen sind
-/// transkribiert" body. Blank transcripts are silently skipped — they
-/// represent recordings the transcriber classified as silence and must
-/// not be pushed to the LLM.
+/// Build the analyze-worker input from each m4a's three-way transcript
+/// state. `Pending` (no sidecar yet) is the only fatal case — the
+/// analyze endpoint requires a settled batch — and surfaces as the
+/// legacy 400 "Nicht alle Aufnahmen sind transkribiert" body. `Silent`
+/// recordings are silently skipped: the transcriber deliberately
+/// produced no text, so there's nothing to feed the LLM. Only
+/// `Content` transcripts contribute to the input.
 async fn read_recordings(m4as: &[(PathBuf, SystemTime)]) -> Result<Vec<RecordingInput>, AppError> {
     let mut recordings: Vec<RecordingInput> = Vec::new();
     for (m4a_path, _) in m4as {
-        let transcript_path = m4a_path.with_extension("transcript.txt");
-        let text = tokio::fs::read_to_string(&transcript_path)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|_| AppError::BadRequest("Nicht alle Aufnahmen sind transkribiert".into()))?;
-
-        if text.trim().is_empty() {
-            continue;
-        }
+        let text = match read_transcript_state(m4a_path).await {
+            TranscriptState::Pending => {
+                return Err(AppError::BadRequest(
+                    "Nicht alle Aufnahmen sind transkribiert".into(),
+                ));
+            }
+            TranscriptState::Silent => continue,
+            TranscriptState::Content(t) => t,
+        };
 
         let stem = m4a_path.file_stem().and_then(|s| s.to_str()).unwrap_or("");
         recordings.push(RecordingInput {

server/src/routes/user_web.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use askama::Template;
 use axum::extract::{Query, State};
 use axum::response::Html;
+use doctate_common::TranscriptState;
 use doctate_common::oneliners::OnelinerState;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use tracing::{info, warn};
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ async fn compute_flags(
 
     let non_failed: Vec<&RecordingView> = recordings.iter().filter(|r| !r.failed).collect();
     let all_transcribed =
-        !non_failed.is_empty() && non_failed.iter().all(|r| r.transcript.is_some());
+        !non_failed.is_empty() && non_failed.iter().all(|r| r.transcript.has_file());
 
     let analyzable = !analyzing && all_transcribed;
 
@@ -486,7 +487,10 @@ pub async fn handle_case_page(
     let flags = compute_flags(&case_dir, &recordings, config.llm_configured(), a_busy).await;
 
     let recordings_count = recordings.len();
-    let transcribed_count = recordings.iter().filter(|r| r.transcript.is_some()).count();
+    let transcribed_count = recordings
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|r| r.transcript.has_file())
+        .count();
     let case_id_short = case_id_str.chars().take(8).collect();
     let is_admin = user.is_admin();
 
@@ -732,7 +736,7 @@ async fn compute_case_view(
         && recordings
             .iter()
             .filter(|r| !r.failed)
-            .all(|r| r.transcript.is_some());
+            .all(|r| r.transcript.has_file());
 
     let oneliner = compute_oneliner_display(case_path, &recordings).await;
 
@@ -809,7 +813,7 @@ async fn compute_oneliner_display(
         && recordings
             .iter()
             .filter(|r| !r.failed)
-            .all(|r| r.transcript.is_some());
+            .all(|r| r.transcript.has_file());
     let (state, _) = paths::read_oneliner_state(case_dir).await;
 
     if non_failed_count == 0 {

server/src/routes/web.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use axum::body::Body;
 use axum::extract::{Path as AxumPath, State};
 use axum::http::{HeaderMap, StatusCode, header};
 use axum::response::Response;
+use doctate_common::TranscriptState;
 use doctate_common::timestamp::filename_stem_to_recorded_at;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncSeekExt};
 use tokio::task::JoinSet;
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ use tracing::debug;
 
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::error::AppError;
+use crate::paths;
 use crate::transcribe::ffmpeg;
 
 pub(crate) struct RecordingView {
@@ -24,7 +26,13 @@ pub(crate) struct RecordingView {
     /// sidecar. `None` means neither the worker nor the lazy-backfill path
     /// produced one — the UI then falls back to browser `preload="metadata"`.
     pub(crate) duration_seconds: Option<u32>,
-    pub(crate) transcript: Option<String>,
+    /// Three-way transcript state — `Pending` (not yet transcribed),
+    /// `Silent` (transcriber classified as silence), or `Content(text)`.
+    /// Consumers must not collapse `Silent` and `Content` onto the same
+    /// "is there text?" branch — use [`TranscriptState::has_file`] for
+    /// "transcription finished" checks and [`TranscriptState::as_content`]
+    /// for actual text lookup.
+    pub(crate) transcript: TranscriptState,
     /// True if the file has been renamed to `<ts>.m4a.failed` by the worker
     /// after a non-recoverable ffmpeg or whisper error.
     pub(crate) failed: bool,
@@ -162,7 +170,7 @@ fn stem_of(filename: &str) -> &str {
 struct RawRecording {
     filename: String,
     failed: bool,
-    transcript: Option<String>,
+    transcript: TranscriptState,
     duration_seconds: Option<u32>,
     audio_path: PathBuf,
     sidecar_path: PathBuf,
@@ -189,8 +197,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn scan_recordings(case_dir: &Path) -> Vec<RecordingView> {
         // a `.failed` file never produced a transcript but the lookup still works.
         let stem_file = filename.trim_end_matches(".failed");
         let stem_path = case_dir.join(stem_file);
-        let transcript_path = stem_path.with_extension("transcript.txt");
-        let transcript = tokio::fs::read_to_string(&transcript_path).await.ok();
+        let transcript = paths::read_transcript_state(&stem_path).await;
 
         let sidecar_path = stem_path.with_extension("duration.txt");
         let duration_seconds = tokio::fs::read_to_string(&sidecar_path)
@@ -279,7 +286,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(got[0].filename, "2026-04-19T10-00-00Z.m4a");
         assert_eq!(got[0].recorded_at_iso, "2026-04-19T10:00:00Z");
         assert_eq!(got[0].duration_seconds, Some(42));
-        assert_eq!(got[0].transcript.as_deref(), Some("hallo"));
+        assert_eq!(got[0].transcript.as_content(), Some("hallo"));
         assert!(!got[0].failed);
     }
 

server/src/transcribe/recovery.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::events::EventSender;
 use crate::gazetteer::Gazetteer;
 use crate::paths;
+
 /// Walk `data_path/*/` and enqueue every recording pending transcription for
 /// every user. Intended for startup; the same primitive backs the per-user
 /// self-heal triggered by web handlers.
@@ -57,7 +58,10 @@ pub async fn enqueue_pending_for_user(
             if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) != Some("m4a") {
                 continue;
             }
-            if path.with_extension("transcript.txt").exists() {
+            // Silent recordings (empty transcript on disk) are terminal —
+            // the transcriber already ran. Only true `Pending` recordings
+            // (no sidecar at all) need enqueuing.
+            if !paths::read_transcript_state(&path).await.is_pending() {
                 continue;
             }
             pending.push(path);
@@ -84,11 +88,16 @@ pub async fn enqueue_pending_for_user(
     sent
 }
 
-/// Walk `data_path/*/*` and return every case directory that has at least
-/// one non-empty `*.transcript.txt` and whose persisted oneliner state
-/// warrants (re-)generation, paired with the user-slug (parent directory
-/// name). Pure filesystem scan, no LLM calls — separated from the
-/// regeneration wrapper so it can be unit-tested without mocking Ollama.
+/// Walk `data_path/*/*` and return every case directory that has at
+/// least one finished transcript (content or silent) and whose persisted
+/// oneliner state warrants (re-)generation, paired with the user-slug
+/// (parent directory name). Pure filesystem scan, no LLM calls —
+/// separated from the regeneration wrapper so it can be unit-tested
+/// without mocking Ollama.
+///
+/// Silent-only cases are intentionally included: `update_oneliner` then
+/// settles them to [`OnelinerState::Empty`] instead of leaving the UI
+/// stuck on "Generating" forever.
 ///
 /// Retry policy by persisted state:
 /// - missing file → retry (first generation, or crash before write)
@@ -139,7 +148,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn cases_needing_oneliner_in(user_root: &Path) -> Vec<PathBuf>
         if !needs_retry {
             continue;
         }
-        if has_non_empty_transcript(&case_dir).await {
+        if has_any_transcript(&case_dir).await {
             out.push(case_dir);
         }
     }
@@ -147,20 +156,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn cases_needing_oneliner_in(user_root: &Path) -> Vec<PathBuf>
     out
 }
 
-async fn has_non_empty_transcript(case_dir: &Path) -> bool {
+/// True iff at least one `.transcript.txt` sidecar exists in `case_dir`
+/// — i.e., at least one recording is either [`TranscriptState::Silent`]
+/// or [`TranscriptState::Content`]. Cases where every recording is
+/// still `Pending` return false: there's nothing for the oneliner
+/// worker to act on yet.
+///
+/// Silent transcripts count here because `update_oneliner` needs to
+/// settle them to `OnelinerState::Empty`. The previous implementation
+/// required *content* specifically, which left silent-only cases stuck
+/// with no oneliner state — and the UI stuck on "Generating".
+async fn has_any_transcript(case_dir: &Path) -> bool {
     let Ok(mut files) = tokio::fs::read_dir(case_dir).await else {
         return false;
     };
     while let Ok(Some(f)) = files.next_entry().await {
-        let path = f.path();
-        let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
-            continue;
-        };
-        if !name.ends_with(".transcript.txt") {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if let Ok(text) = tokio::fs::read_to_string(&path).await
-            && !text.trim().is_empty()
+        if f.file_name()
+            .to_str()
+            .is_some_and(|s| s.ends_with(".transcript.txt"))
         {
             return true;
         }
@@ -295,8 +308,13 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(got, vec![(case, "user".to_owned())]);
     }
 
+    /// Silent-only cases (transcript file exists but is empty/whitespace)
+    /// are now picked up by recovery so `update_oneliner` can settle
+    /// them to [`OnelinerState::Empty`]. Previously they were skipped,
+    /// which left the UI stuck on "Generating" forever (the bug this
+    /// enum refactor fixes).
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn cases_needing_oneliner_skips_cases_with_only_empty_transcripts() {
+    async fn cases_needing_oneliner_picks_up_silent_only_cases_for_empty_settlement() {
         let data = tempdir().unwrap();
         let case = data.path().join("user").join("case1");
         tokio::fs::create_dir_all(&case).await.unwrap();
@@ -304,6 +322,23 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
+        let got = cases_needing_oneliner(data.path()).await;
+        assert_eq!(got, vec![(case, "user".to_owned())]);
+    }
+
+    /// Fully-pending cases (no transcript file yet) are skipped —
+    /// `update_oneliner` has nothing to act on until the transcriber
+    /// writes a sidecar.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn cases_needing_oneliner_skips_fully_pending_cases() {
+        let data = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let case = data.path().join("user").join("case1");
+        tokio::fs::create_dir_all(&case).await.unwrap();
+        tokio::fs::write(case.join("2026-04-16T10-00-00Z.m4a"), b"audio")
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        // No .transcript.txt — the recording is still Pending.
+
         assert!(cases_needing_oneliner(data.path()).await.is_empty());
     }
 

server/src/transcribe/worker.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use doctate_common::TranscriptState;
 use doctate_common::oneliners::{ONELINER_FILENAME, OnelinerState};
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
 use time::format_description::well_known::Rfc3339;
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ use super::{TranscribeReceiver, ffmpeg, ollama, whisper};
 use crate::config::{Config, WhisperUserSettings};
 use crate::events::{self, CaseEventKind, EventSender};
 use crate::gazetteer::Gazetteer;
+use crate::paths;
 use crate::{BusyGuard, WorkerBusy};
 
 const ONELINER_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60);
@@ -181,14 +183,23 @@ async fn write_duration_sidecar(audio_path: &Path, probe_path: &Path) {
     }
 }
 
-/// Regenerate `case_dir/oneliner.json` from **all** non-empty transcripts
+/// Regenerate `case_dir/oneliner.json` from **all** `Content` transcripts
 /// in the case, joined chronologically. Called after every successful
 /// transcript write so later recordings can correct earlier ones (mirror
 /// of the analyze-LLM rule "later recordings override"). Every outcome —
 /// generated text, deliberate empty ("no medical content"), or call error
 /// — is persisted as an [`OnelinerState`] variant, overwriting any
-/// previous state. Silent case (no non-empty transcript) is a no-op; the
-/// next transcript write retries.
+/// previous state.
+///
+/// Three terminal shapes:
+/// - At least one `Content` transcript → call the LLM; persist `Ready`,
+///   `Empty`, or `Error` based on the response.
+/// - No `Content` but all other recordings are `Silent` (nothing more
+///   coming from the transcriber) → persist `Empty` directly and skip
+///   the LLM call. Without this, silent-only cases would leave the UI
+///   stuck on "Generating" forever.
+/// - Still-`Pending` recordings present → no-op; the next transcript
+///   write re-enters this function with more information.
 pub(crate) async fn update_oneliner(
     case_dir: &Path,
     user_slug: &str,
@@ -199,7 +210,42 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_oneliner(
 ) {
     let transcript = match all_transcripts_joined(case_dir).await {
         Some(t) => t,
-        None => return,
+        None => {
+            // No `Content` transcripts in the case. Two distinct reasons:
+            //   a) Some recording is still `Pending` — transcriber will
+            //      trigger us again when the last one lands. Skip for now.
+            //   b) Every recording is `Silent` — transcriber is done and
+            //      will never produce text. Without a persisted state
+            //      the UI would stick on `Generating` forever (bug that
+            //      motivated this code path). Persist `Empty` so the UI
+            //      settles and recovery treats it as terminal.
+            if !has_pending_recordings(case_dir).await {
+                let generated_at = OffsetDateTime::now_utc()
+                    .format(&Rfc3339)
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                let state = OnelinerState::Empty { generated_at };
+                if let Err(e) = write_oneliner_state(case_dir, &state).await {
+                    error!(
+                        case = %case_dir.display(),
+                        error = %e,
+                        "writing oneliner.json (all-silent empty) failed"
+                    );
+                    return;
+                }
+                info!(
+                    user = %user_slug,
+                    case = %case_dir.display(),
+                    "oneliner empty — all recordings silent (no content transcripts)"
+                );
+                events::emit(
+                    events_tx,
+                    user_slug,
+                    events::case_id_of(case_dir),
+                    CaseEventKind::OnelinerUpdated,
+                );
+            }
+            return;
+        }
     };
 
     let generated_at = OffsetDateTime::now_utc()
@@ -264,12 +310,15 @@ async fn write_oneliner_state(case_dir: &Path, state: &OnelinerState) -> std::io
 }
 
 /// Return true if `case_dir` contains at least one `.m4a` recording
-/// that has no corresponding `.transcript.txt`. Used to gate the
-/// oneliner-regenerate call: we only run it after the *last* pending
-/// transcription in a batch, not after every single one. `.m4a.failed`
-/// entries are skipped — they don't block the oneliner. Fail-open on
-/// read errors: if we can't scan, return false so the oneliner runs
-/// anyway (one redundant call beats never).
+/// whose transcript is still `Pending` (no sidecar file yet). Used to
+/// gate the oneliner-regenerate call: we only run it after the *last*
+/// pending transcription in a batch, not after every single one.
+/// `.m4a.failed` entries are skipped — they don't block the oneliner.
+/// `Silent` recordings count as finished, not pending — that's the
+/// whole point of the three-state model: the transcriber already ran,
+/// it just didn't produce text.
+/// Fail-open on read errors: if we can't scan, return false so the
+/// oneliner runs anyway (one redundant call beats never).
 pub(crate) async fn has_pending_recordings(case_dir: &Path) -> bool {
     let Ok(mut entries) = tokio::fs::read_dir(case_dir).await else {
         return false;
@@ -279,32 +328,33 @@ pub(crate) async fn has_pending_recordings(case_dir: &Path) -> bool {
         if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) != Some("m4a") {
             continue;
         }
-        if !path.with_extension("transcript.txt").exists() {
+        if paths::read_transcript_state(&path).await.is_pending() {
             return true;
         }
     }
     false
 }
 
-/// Read every non-empty `*.transcript.txt` in `case_dir`, ordered
-/// chronologically (ISO-8601 filename sort equals chronological order), and
-/// join them with `\n\n---\n\n`. Empty / whitespace-only transcripts (silent
-/// recordings) are skipped. Returns None if no non-empty transcript exists.
+/// Join every `Content` transcript in `case_dir` chronologically with
+/// `\n\n---\n\n` separators. `Pending` (no sidecar) and `Silent` (empty
+/// sidecar) recordings are skipped. Returns None if no `Content`
+/// transcript exists — the caller decides whether that means "wait for
+/// more transcripts" or "this case is terminal silent" by consulting
+/// [`has_pending_recordings`] afterwards.
 pub(crate) async fn all_transcripts_joined(case_dir: &Path) -> Option<String> {
     let mut entries = tokio::fs::read_dir(case_dir).await.ok()?;
-    let mut files: Vec<std::path::PathBuf> = Vec::new();
+    let mut m4as: Vec<std::path::PathBuf> = Vec::new();
     while let Ok(Some(entry)) = entries.next_entry().await {
-        let name = entry.file_name();
-        let Some(s) = name.to_str() else { continue };
-        if s.ends_with(".transcript.txt") {
-            files.push(entry.path());
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("m4a") {
+            m4as.push(path);
         }
     }
-    files.sort();
+    m4as.sort();
 
-    let mut parts: Vec<String> = Vec::with_capacity(files.len());
-    for path in files {
-        if let Ok(text) = tokio::fs::read_to_string(&path).await {
+    let mut parts: Vec<String> = Vec::with_capacity(m4as.len());
+    for path in m4as {
+        if let TranscriptState::Content(text) = paths::read_transcript_state(&path).await {
             let trimmed = text.trim();
             if !trimmed.is_empty() {
                 parts.push(trimmed.to_string());
@@ -322,24 +372,39 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+    /// Helper: seed an m4a plus an optional transcript sidecar, matching
+    /// how the worker lays files out on disk. `all_transcripts_joined`
+    /// iterates `.m4a` files and reads the sidecar through the shared
+    /// reader, so bare transcripts without m4as would be ignored.
+    async fn seed(dir: &Path, stem: &str, transcript: Option<&str>) {
+        tokio::fs::write(dir.join(format!("{stem}.m4a")), b"audio")
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        if let Some(text) = transcript {
+            tokio::fs::write(dir.join(format!("{stem}.transcript.txt")), text)
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Regression guard for the Womax bug: the joined transcript must
     /// include ALL recordings in chronological order, so the LLM sees
     /// both the initial term and any later correction.
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn all_transcripts_joined_includes_all_in_order() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        tokio::fs::write(
-            dir.path().join("2026-04-16T10-05-00Z.transcript.txt"),
-            "Korrektur. Das Mittel heißt Vomex.",
+        seed(
+            dir.path(),
+            "2026-04-16T10-05-00Z",
+            Some("Korrektur. Das Mittel heißt Vomex."),
         )
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
-        tokio::fs::write(
-            dir.path().join("2026-04-16T10-00-00Z.transcript.txt"),
-            "Jetzt weiß ich es wieder. Es heißt Womax.",
+        .await;
+        seed(
+            dir.path(),
+            "2026-04-16T10-00-00Z",
+            Some("Jetzt weiß ich es wieder. Es heißt Womax."),
         )
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+        .await;
 
         let got = all_transcripts_joined(dir.path()).await.expect("Some");
         assert_eq!(
@@ -353,15 +418,13 @@ mod tests {
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn all_transcripts_joined_skips_empty_recordings() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        tokio::fs::write(dir.path().join("2026-04-16T10-00-00Z.transcript.txt"), "")
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        tokio::fs::write(
-            dir.path().join("2026-04-16T10-05-00Z.transcript.txt"),
-            "non-empty content",
+        seed(dir.path(), "2026-04-16T10-00-00Z", Some("")).await;
+        seed(
+            dir.path(),
+            "2026-04-16T10-05-00Z",
+            Some("non-empty content"),
         )
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+        .await;
 
         let got = all_transcripts_joined(dir.path()).await.expect("Some");
         assert_eq!(got, "non-empty content");
@@ -370,12 +433,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn all_transcripts_joined_is_none_when_all_empty() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        tokio::fs::write(
-            dir.path().join("2026-04-16T10-00-00Z.transcript.txt"),
-            "   \n  ",
-        )
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+        seed(dir.path(), "2026-04-16T10-00-00Z", Some("   \n  ")).await;
         assert!(all_transcripts_joined(dir.path()).await.is_none());
     }
 

server/templates/case_recordings.html

@@ -117,13 +117,11 @@ try {
 <div class="failed">Transkription fehlgeschlagen — .failed-Suffix entfernen zum Erneut-Versuchen.</div>
 {% else %}
 {% match rec.transcript %}
-{% when Some with (t) %}
-{% if t.is_empty() %}
-<div class="pending">(stille Aufnahme)</div>
-{% else %}
+{% when TranscriptState::Content with (t) %}
 <div class="transcript">{{ t }}</div>
-{% endif %}
-{% when None %}
+{% when TranscriptState::Silent %}
+<div class="pending">(stille Aufnahme)</div>
+{% when TranscriptState::Pending %}
 {% if transcribe_busy %}
 <div class="pending">Transkription läuft…</div>
 {% else %}

server/tests/case_page_test.rs

@@ -338,6 +338,45 @@ async fn case_page_uses_oneliner_as_h1_when_present() {
     );
 }
 
+/// A case with only silent recordings (empty 0-byte transcript) and a
+/// persisted `OnelinerState::Empty` must render the "unbenannt" variant
+/// of the oneliner, never "generiere Titel …". Regression guard for
+/// the bug where the UI's `compute_oneliner_display` collapsed
+/// `TranscriptState::Silent` onto "transcribed" and then chose
+/// `Generating` because no state was persisted — the combination left
+/// cases stuck on "generiere Titel …" forever.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn case_page_silent_only_shows_empty_not_generating() {
+    let config = config_with_llm(unique_tmp("cp-silent"));
+    let case_id = "33333333-3333-3333-3333-333333333333";
+    let case_dir = seed_case(&config.data_path, "dr_a", case_id);
+    // `Some("")` produces a 0-byte transcript sidecar — the whisper-as-
+    // silence output. Combined with `OnelinerState::Empty`, this is the
+    // terminal shape of a silent-only case after the fix.
+    seed_recording(&case_dir, "10-00-00", Some(""));
+    seed_oneliner_state(
+        &case_dir,
+        &OnelinerState::Empty {
+            generated_at: "2026-04-21T11:00:00Z".into(),
+        },
+    );
+
+    let app = doctate_server::create_router(config);
+    let cookie = login(app.clone(), "dr_a").await;
+
+    let resp = app.oneshot(get_page(case_id, &cookie, "")).await.unwrap();
+    let body = body_string(resp).await;
+
+    assert!(
+        !body.contains("generiere Titel"),
+        "silent-only case must not be stuck on 'generiere Titel …'"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        body.contains("unbenannt"),
+        "expected oneliner to render as 'unbenannt' for Empty state"
+    );
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn case_page_falls_back_to_generic_title_for_empty_state() {
     // An `Empty` state (LLM deliberately returned no medical content) is

server/tests/oneliner_heal_decoupled_test.rs

@@ -23,8 +23,17 @@ use wiremock::matchers::{method, path as wm_path};
 use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate};
 
 fn write_transcript(case_dir: &Path) {
-    let p = case_dir.join("2026-04-16T10-00-00Z.transcript.txt");
-    std::fs::write(p, "Brustschmerz links, seit heute morgen.").unwrap();
+    // Seed an m4a + transcript pair, matching the worker's on-disk
+    // layout. The oneliner worker iterates `.m4a` files and resolves
+    // the sidecar from the stem; a stray transcript without an m4a
+    // would be invisible to it.
+    let stem = "2026-04-16T10-00-00Z";
+    std::fs::write(case_dir.join(format!("{stem}.m4a")), b"audio").unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(
+        case_dir.join(format!("{stem}.transcript.txt")),
+        "Brustschmerz links, seit heute morgen.",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]

server/tests/silent_case_empty_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//! Regression test: a case whose recordings are all `TranscriptState::Silent`
+//! (whisper classified as silence) must produce an `OnelinerState::Empty`
+//! automatically, so the UI doesn't stick on "Generating" forever.
+//!
+//! The historical bug path: whisper wrote a 0-byte `.transcript.txt`,
+//! `update_oneliner` saw no content and returned early without persisting
+//! any state, and the UI's `compute_oneliner_display` collapsed the
+//! Silent file onto "transcribed → Generating" (missing state). The fix
+//! makes `update_oneliner` settle the case to `OnelinerState::Empty`
+//! when no content transcript exists and no recording is still Pending.
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use doctate_common::oneliners::OnelinerState;
+use doctate_server::config::Config;
+use doctate_server::events;
+use doctate_server::gazetteer::Gazetteer;
+use doctate_server::{
+    AnalyzeBusy, OnelinerHealBusy, PipelineState, TranscribeBusy, WorkerBusy, analyze, transcribe,
+};
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+use wiremock::matchers::{method, path as wm_path};
+use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate};
+
+/// Seed an m4a plus a silent (0-byte) transcript sidecar — the on-disk
+/// shape of a recording that whisper classified as silence.
+fn seed_silent_recording(case_dir: &Path, stem: &str) {
+    std::fs::write(case_dir.join(format!("{stem}.m4a")), b"audio").unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(case_dir.join(format!("{stem}.transcript.txt")), b"").unwrap();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn silent_only_case_settles_to_empty_without_llm_call() {
+    let data = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let slug = "dr_test";
+    let user_root = data.path().join(slug);
+    let case_dir = user_root.join("case-silent");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&case_dir).unwrap();
+    seed_silent_recording(&case_dir, "2026-04-16T10-00-00Z");
+
+    // Ollama must NOT be called — a silent-only case has no content to
+    // summarize. `.expect(0)` fails the test (on MockServer drop) if any
+    // request arrived.
+    let mock = MockServer::start().await;
+    Mock::given(method("POST"))
+        .and(wm_path("/api/chat"))
+        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200))
+        .expect(0)
+        .mount(&mock)
+        .await;
+
+    let mut cfg = Config::test_default();
+    cfg.data_path = data.path().to_path_buf();
+    cfg.ollama_url = mock.uri();
+    let config = Arc::new(cfg);
+
+    let vocab = Arc::new(Gazetteer::empty());
+    let events_tx = events::channel();
+    let http_client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let (tx_a, _rx_a) = analyze::channel();
+    let (tx_t, _rx_t) = transcribe::channel();
+
+    let heal_busy: WorkerBusy = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let pipeline = PipelineState {
+        analyze_busy: AnalyzeBusy(Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false))),
+        analyze_tx: tx_a,
+        transcribe_busy: TranscribeBusy(Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false))),
+        transcribe_tx: tx_t,
+        oneliner_heal_busy: OnelinerHealBusy(heal_busy.clone()),
+    };
+
+    pipeline
+        .heal_orphans_if_idle(&user_root, slug, &http_client, &config, &vocab, &events_tx)
+        .await;
+
+    // Heal spawn drops the busy flag on completion — poll until idle.
+    let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+    while heal_busy.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+        if start.elapsed() > Duration::from_secs(5) {
+            panic!("oneliner heal did not finish within 5s");
+        }
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(25)).await;
+    }
+
+    // Oneliner is persisted as `Empty`. Without the fix, the file would
+    // either not exist or be mid-generation.
+    let path = case_dir.join("oneliner.json");
+    assert!(
+        path.exists(),
+        "expected oneliner.json to be written for silent-only case"
+    );
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&path).unwrap();
+    let state: OnelinerState = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        matches!(state, OnelinerState::Empty { .. }),
+        "expected OnelinerState::Empty, got {state:?}"
+    );
+
+    // Mock.drop() runs here — `.expect(0)` panics if Ollama was touched.
+}