AILang/docs/specs/0024-24-show-print.md

# 24 — Show + print rewire (post-mq re-derive) — Design Spec

**Date:** 2026-05-13
**Status:** Draft — awaiting user spec review
**Authors:** Brummel (orchestrator) + Claude
**Supersedes:** `docs/specs/0022-24-show-print.md` for iters 24.2 +
24.3 only. The earlier spec stays as historical context for the
deferral rationale; iter 24.1 shipped against the earlier spec at
`f38bad8` and is unchanged. This document re-derives 24.2 + 24.3 from
scratch against the post-`mq` architecture (commits `0eb3323` mq.1 →
`2e6a4ca` mq.2 → `99d3968` mq.3 → `1b6cbcb` mq.tidy).

## Goal

Close the prelude story opened by milestone 23 (Eq/Ord) by shipping:

1. The `Show` typeclass with single method `show : (a borrow) -> Str`
   in the prelude module.
2. Four primitive instances: `prelude.Show Int`, `prelude.Show Bool`,
   `prelude.Show Str`, `prelude.Show Float`.
3. A polymorphic free fn `print : forall a. Show a => (a borrow) -> () !IO`
   in the prelude module that routes through `show` and `io/print_str`,
   replacing the ad-hoc per-type print idiom for new code.

The runtime + codegen primitives `bool_to_str` and `str_clone` already
shipped in iter 24.1 at `f38bad8`. No runtime work in this re-derive.

Existing per-type effect-ops `io/print_int|bool|float` STAY. Retiring
them and migrating the example corpus (~86 fixtures) is queued as a
separate P2 follow-up, unchanged from the original spec.

The post-mq architecture changes two things compared to the original
spec:

- **Dispatch routing.** mq.2 / mq.3 installed type-driven method
  dispatch with a 5-step rule (qualifier → singleton → type-driven
  filter → constraint-driven filter → Multi). The original spec
  predicated routing on a workspace-global `MethodNameCollision`
  pre-pass that has been retired. The new dispatch routes `show` calls
  inside `print`'s body via the constraint-driven filter (Step 4 of
  the dispatch rule) — `Show a` in `print`'s declared constraints
  pins the candidate class to `prelude.Show`.

- **Existing fixture corpus collides at the class name "Show".** Pre-mq,
  user-side `class Show` declarations in 14 test fixtures
  (`examples/test_22b{1,2,3}_*.ail.json`) were the only `Show` in their
  workspaces. Post-mq, shipping `prelude.Show` makes those user-Show
  classes coexist with the prelude one — and because the user-Show
  methods carry the same method name (`show`), the same arg-type shape
  (`(a) -> Str`), AND the same instance head-type for `Int`, the
  type-driven filter (Step 3) cannot discriminate at bare call sites.
  Every `show x` in those fixtures would become Multi-ambiguous and
  require an explicit qualifier. Migration is part of iter 24.2; the
  strategy is "rename to `TShow`/`tshow`", analogous to the existing
  `TEq`/`teq`, `TOrd`/`tlt` test-internal class-name convention that
  pre-empts identical collisions with `prelude.Eq` / `prelude.Ord`.

## Architecture

Three artefacts, in dependency order; iter 24.1 already shipped the
two runtime primitives.

### 1. `class Show` + four primitive instances in `prelude.ail.json`

The prelude module name is literally `"prelude"`. Per the mq.1
canonical-form rule, intra-prelude class refs are bare; cross-module
refs (from user instance / constraint defs) carry the
`"prelude.Show"` qualifier.

`examples/prelude.ail.json` gains five new top-level defs (one class +
four instances):

```jsonc
// class — same-module, bare name
{ "kind": "class",
  "name": "Show",
  "param": "a",
  "methods": [
    { "name": "show",
      "type": {
        "k": "fn",
        "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
        "param_modes": ["borrow"],
        "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Str" },
        "effects": []
      }
    }
  ]
}
// instance — same-module, bare class ref per mq.1 canonical-form
{ "kind": "instance",
  "class": "Show",                                   // bare per mq.1
  "type": { "k": "con", "name": "Int" },
  "methods": [
    { "name": "show",
      "body": { "t": "lam",
                "params": ["x"],
                "body": { "t": "app",
                          "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "int_to_str" },
                          "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }] } } }
  ]
}
// instance Show Bool — body invokes bool_to_str
// instance Show Str  — body invokes str_clone
// instance Show Float — body invokes float_to_str
```

Each instance body is a single-application lambda
`\x -> <primitive_to_str> x`. No codegen intercept (no
`try_emit_primitive_instance_body`-style hook) is needed because the
four primitives are themselves first-class lowered functions. The mono
pass synthesises `show__Int`, `show__Bool`, `show__Str`, `show__Float`;
each body is a direct call to the corresponding primitive.

Float **is** included in Show — unlike Eq/Ord (which exclude Float
because IEEE-754 makes structural equality and total ordering
semantically dubious). Producing a textual representation of a Float
is well-defined modulo the NaN-spelling caveat in DESIGN.md §"Float
semantics" (`printf("%g", nan)` may emit `nan` / `-nan` / `NaN`);
acceptable for a human-readable Show.

### 2. `print` polymorphic free fn

`examples/prelude.ail.json` gains a sixth new top-level def:

```jsonc
{ "kind": "fn",
  "name": "print",
  "type": {
    "k": "forall",
    "vars": ["a"],
    "constraints": [
      { "class": "Show",                             // bare per mq.1
        "type": { "k": "var", "name": "a" } }
    ],
    "body": {
      "k": "fn",
      "params": [{ "k": "var", "name": "a" }],
      "param_modes": ["borrow"],
      "ret": { "k": "con", "name": "Unit" },
      "effects": ["IO"]
    }
  },
  "params": ["x"],
  "body": {
    "t": "let",
    "name": "s",
    "value": { "t": "app",
               "fn": { "t": "var", "name": "show" },
               "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "x" }] },
    "body": { "t": "do",
              "op": "io/print_str",
              "args": [{ "t": "var", "name": "s" }] }
  }
}
```

The let-binder for `show x` is **explicit**. Load-bearing for the
heap-Str RC discipline: the Own heap-Str returned by `show x` (every
instance allocates) needs a let-binder so `drop_symbol_for_binder`
fires the heap-Str drop at scope close via the Str carve-out
introduced in `eob.1`. The original spec marked implicit-vs-explicit
as an open commitment for the 24.3 implementer; this re-derive keeps
the same open commitment — if the desugarer auto-introduces a
let-binder for `Term::App` in effect-op-arg position, the source form
may be `\x -> do io/print_str (show x)` with identical post-checker
semantics.

`print` is a free fn, not a class method. Two reasons (unchanged from
the original spec):

- The body is identical for every `a : Show a` — no per-instance
  variation. A class method with an identical body for every instance
  would be redundant.
- It matches Haskell's Prelude convention (`print :: Show a => a -> IO ()`
  is a free fn) and milestone 23's free-fn pattern (`ne`/`lt`/`le`/`gt`/`ge`).

### 3. Dispatch routing through the mq mechanism

Inside `print`'s body the call is `show x`. Bare method name; the
post-mq dispatcher (`resolve_method_dispatch` at synth time,
`refine_multi_candidate_residual` at discharge time) applies the
5-step rule:

1. **Qualifier** — none (bare).
2. **Singleton** — `Env.method_to_candidate_classes["show"]` is a
   workspace-global index. Post-24.2-migration, no user class ships a
   `show` method (the 22b corpus is renamed to `tshow`); the only
   class with `show` is `prelude.Show`. So the candidate set for `show`
   reduces to `{prelude.Show}` workspace-globally and Step-2 singleton
   resolves directly — Steps 3-4 are not exercised for the bare `show`
   inside `print`'s body. The constraint-driven filter (below) becomes
   the load-bearing narrower only if a downstream user later
   re-introduces their own `class Show` with a separate `show` method.
3. **Type-driven filter** — narrows by which candidate classes have a
   registry entry for the residual type (`Show Int` instance check
   for `print 42`).
4. **Constraint-driven filter** — `print`'s declared constraint
   `Show a` is the load-bearing narrower. At the call site
   `show x` inside `print`'s body, `x : a` rigid, and the rigid-var
   filter installed by mq.tidy's T1 checks
   `dc.class == c && constraint_type_matches(dc.type_, residual.type_)`.
   The residual is `Show a` (the rigid type-var), `print`'s declared
   constraint is `Show a`; both match → `prelude.Show` is the unique
   resolved class.
5. **Multi** — not reached.

At the *outer* user call site `do print 42`, the dispatch on `print`
itself is by name (free fn, single global symbol) and the constraint
`Show Int` is discharged against the workspace registry which contains
`prelude.Show Int`. The dispatcher's behaviour mirrors milestone 23's
`ne`/`lt`/`le`/`gt`/`ge` at the same level.

### 4. Migration of 22b-Show user-class fixtures

Pre-mq, 14 test fixtures under `examples/test_22b{1,2,3}_*.ail.json`
declare a user-side `class Show {methods: ["show"]}` with arg-type
shape `(a) -> Str`. Pre-mq, these were the only `Show` in their
workspaces. Post-`prelude.Show` shipping, the prelude is auto-loaded
into every workspace per 23.1's `check_workspace` extension, so every
22b fixture now has TWO classes named `Show`: `prelude.Show` and (e.g.)
`test_22b1_dup_classmod.Show`. Both ship `(Int) -> Str` instances; the
type-driven filter cannot discriminate at bare `show x` call sites.

Strategy: **rename user-Show → TShow, user-show → tshow**, analogous
to the existing `TEq`/`teq` (vs. `prelude.Eq`/`eq`) and `TOrd`/`tlt`
(vs. `prelude.Ord`/`lt`) convention. The fixtures' intent is
unchanged (they test class-mechanism: orphan detection, dup detection,
xmod instances, missing-constraint diagnostics) — only the literal
class and method name change.

Mechanical scope:

- ~14 fixture `.ail.json` files: `"name": "Show"` → `"name": "TShow"`,
  `"name": "show"` → `"name": "tshow"`, `"class": "Show"` →
  `"class": "TShow"`, `"class": "<modname>.Show"` →
  `"class": "<modname>.TShow"`, fn-body `"name": "show"` →
  `"name": "tshow"`. Both `Show`-the-class and `show`-the-method get
  renamed.
- 2 Rust test files: `crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b2.rs` (30
  Show/show occurrences) + `crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b3.rs` (49).
  Replace `"Show"` → `"TShow"` and `"show"` → `"tshow"` in expected
  diagnostic strings.

The migration is a single mechanical pass within iter 24.2. Aborted-
attempt risk is low because the change is purely string substitution
(no semantic shift).

`mq3_two_show_*` and `mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq*` fixtures (created during
mq.3) intentionally do NOT migrate. They simulate the
two-Show-coexisting and class-vs-fn-collision shapes that are now
fully supported by the post-mq dispatcher; renaming them away would
defeat their purpose. These fixtures' Show classes are
`mq3_two_show_ambiguous_a.Show` and `mq3_two_show_ambiguous_b.Show`,
not user-Show analogues of prelude.Show.

After 24.2 lands, the workspace fixture corpus has zero ambiguous
bare-`show` call sites: every `show x` resolves either to `prelude.Show`
(via constraint-driven filter at user call sites with `Show Int`-style
constraints OR via instance singleton when only prelude.Show ships
Show-T for the residual T) or to `prelude.show` / `tshow` /
`mq3_*.Show.show` per their explicit qualifiers.

## Components (iterations)

| Iter | Status | Scope |
|------|--------|-------|
| **24.1** | shipped (`f38bad8`) | Runtime + codegen for `bool_to_str` + `str_clone`. Unchanged from original spec. |
| **24.2** | upcoming | **`class Show` + 4 primitive instances in prelude.** Plus the **22b-Show → TShow/tshow migration**. `examples/prelude.ail.json` gains `class Show a where show : (a borrow) -> Str` and four `instance Show <T>` defs (Int/Bool/Str/Float). ~14 `examples/test_22b*_*.ail.json` fixtures and 2 `crates/ail/tests/typeclass_22b{2,3}.rs` files migrate. DESIGN.md §"Prelude (built-in) classes" amended. Round-trip + mono-synthesis + hash-stability tests; full `cargo test --workspace` green. |
| **24.3** | upcoming | **`print` polymorphic free fn + E2E + DESIGN.md sync.** `examples/prelude.ail.json` gains `fn print : forall a. Show a => (a borrow) -> () !IO`. Three new E2E fixtures (positive 4-prim, user-ADT, negative NoInstance). DESIGN.md §"Prelude (built-in) classes" amended to include `print`; §"Float semantics" gains the Show-Float NaN-spelling cross-reference paragraph. Roadmap P1 "Post-22 Prelude" entry flips to `[x]`; new P2 entry: "retire `io/print_int|bool|float` effect-ops + migrate example corpus to `print`". |

The milestone closes with the standard `audit` pipeline.

## Data flow

Two trajectories show the routing at work.

### `print 42` at type `Int` (user workspace)

1. **Typecheck of user call site.** `print` resolves to the
   polymorphic free fn at `prelude.print` via the existing free-fn
   global-lookup path (prep1 from 23.4). Constraint `Show Int`
   discharged against `prelude.Show Int` (singleton registry hit).
2. **Mono of `print__Int`.** Body taken from `Def::Fn.body`, rigid-var
   subst `a → Int`. The body walker detects the nested `show x` call
   at concrete `Int` and schedules `show__Int` in the same fixpoint
   round. `show__Int` synthesises from `instance prelude.Show Int`'s
   body (`\x -> int_to_str x`). The synthesised `print__Int` body is
   `\x -> let s = show__Int x in do io/print_str s`.
3. **Codegen.** `print__Int` lowers as any monomorphic fn. The nested
   `show__Int x` is a direct call returning Own heap-Str; the
   let-binder `s` is RC-tracked at scope close per eob.1's Str
   carve-out. `do io/print_str s` walks `s` as `Position::Borrow`; the
   let-binder's drop fires after the effect-op call returns, emitting
   `@ailang_rc_dec(s_ptr)`. Stdout: `"42\n"`.

### `print x` at user type `IntBox` with `instance prelude.Show IntBox`

1. **Typecheck.** User declares `data IntBox = MkIntBox Int` and
   `instance prelude.Show IntBox` (cross-module class ref per
   mq.1 — the instance lives in the user-type's defining module per
   Decision 11 coherence). Constraint `prelude.Show IntBox` discharged
   against the user-module registry entry.
2. **Mono.** `print__IntBox` synthesises with body
   `\x -> let s = show__IntBox x in do io/print_str s`. `show__IntBox`
   synthesises from the user instance body (e.g.
   `\x -> match x with MkIntBox n -> int_to_str n`).
3. **Codegen.** Lowers normally; ADT-pattern-match plus inner
   `int_to_str` call produce a heap-Str; outer let-binder drops at
   scope close.

## Error handling

- **`NoInstance Show <T>`** — fired at typecheck when `print` is
  called on a type without a `Show` instance (most commonly a function
  type, or a user type the author forgot to give an instance for). The
  diagnostic must cross-reference DESIGN.md §"Prelude (built-in)
  classes" so the LLM-author immediately learns which types ship with
  built-in Show. Re-uses the existing 22-era diagnostic
  infrastructure; only content edit.

- **Class qualifier ambiguity at a user call site** — does NOT fire in
  this milestone because the 22b-migration eliminates all current
  ambiguous `show` call sites. Post-milestone, if a downstream user
  declares their own `class Show` AND ships an instance whose head-type
  collides with a prelude.Show instance head-type, the existing mq.3
  `MultiClassUnresolved` diagnostic fires (already pinned by
  `examples/mq3_two_show_ambiguous*.ail.json`). No new diagnostic
  shape.

- **`OrphanInstance Show <UserType>`** — Decision 11 coherence rule
  unchanged. User-side `instance prelude.Show <UserType>` MUST live in
  the user-type's defining module (the prelude is read-only).

- **`CheckError::Internal` from mono** — if Show-specialisation fails
  internally, this is a caller-contract violation per the existing
  `mono.rs::synthesise_mono_fn` convention. Mirrors 23.4's free-fn
  error handling.

## Testing strategy

### 24.2 — class Show + 4 instances + 22b migration

- **Round-trip:** `examples/prelude.ail.json` parses + canonicalises
  bit-stable after the five new defs land. The existing prelude
  hash-stability test from milestone 23 stays green (pre-existing
  Ordering/Eq/Ord/instances/`ne`/`lt`/`le`/`gt`/`ge` unaffected).

- **Mono synthesis** (unit test in
  `crates/ailang-check/src/mono.rs::tests`): for a fixture calling
  `show 1`, `show True`, `show "x"`, `show 1.5`, assert the post-mono
  workspace contains `show__Int`, `show__Bool`, `show__Str`,
  `show__Float` as `Def::Fn` entries. Bodies are direct calls to the
  corresponding primitives.

- **Dispatch via constraint-driven filter pin** (unit test in
  `crates/ailang-check/src/lib.rs::tests`, building on the existing
  `method_dispatch_pin.rs` style): for a workspace with `prelude.Show`
  loaded and a user `class TShow {tshow}` declared in a user module,
  assert that `show x` (bare) routes to `prelude.Show` and `tshow x`
  (bare) routes to user `TShow`. Each method name has exactly one
  candidate class globally, so Step-2 singleton resolves without
  needing Steps 3-4. The pin covers the post-22b-migration steady
  state where user fixtures pick non-`Show` class names.

- **Hash stability of existing mono symbols:** `eq__Int`,
  `compare__Str`, and the other class-method mono symbols from
  milestone 23 must produce identical bodies (and identical hashes)
  under the unified pass after Show defs are added. Pin in the style
  of `crates/ailang-core/src/hash.rs`'s milestone-23 fixtures.

- **22b-migration regression check** — `cargo test -p ail
  --test typeclass_22b2 --test typeclass_22b3` passes after the
  rename. Each migrated fixture parses + canonicalises bit-stable.

### 24.3 — print polymorphic free fn + E2E

- **Positive E2E (`examples/show_print_smoke.ail.json`):** single
  fixture exercises all four primitives:
  ```
  fn main = do
    print 42       -- "42\n"
    print true     -- "true\n"
    print "hello"  -- "hello\n"
    print 3.14     -- "3.14\n" (libc-dependent)
  ```
  Asserts compile, run, expected stdout. The Float line uses
  `3.14` whose `%g` rendering is stable across all targeted libc
  versions.

- **User-ADT E2E (`examples/show_user_adt.ail.json`):**
  ```
  data IntBox = MkIntBox Int
  instance prelude.Show IntBox where
    show = \x -> match x with MkIntBox n -> int_to_str n
  fn main = do print (MkIntBox 7)
  ```
  Stdout `"7\n"`. Confirms mono handles user-defined `prelude.Show`
  instances and that `print` composes with them. The qualifier
  `prelude.Show` is canonical-form per mq.1 (cross-module class ref
  from a user-defining module).

- **Negative E2E (`examples/show_no_instance.ail.json`):**
  ```
  fn main = do print id  -- id : forall a. a -> a, no Show instance
  ```
  Typecheck rejects with `NoInstance Show <fn-type>`. Diagnostic
  wording finalised by the implementer; gold-standard test pins
  the message verbatim post-draft (open commitment carries forward
  from original spec).

- **Mono symbol IR-shape pin:** asserts `print__Int` body desugars to
  `\x -> let s = show__Int x in do io/print_str s` post-mono. Confirms
  the let-binder is preserved (not optimised away — load-bearing for
  the heap-Str RC discipline).

- **Round-trip of new fixtures** — every E2E fixture parses +
  canonicalises bit-stable.

- **Bench regression check** at milestone close: the three bench
  scripts exit 0 or audit-ratified per audit-skill convention.

## Acceptance criteria

The milestone closes when:

1. **24.2 has landed:** `examples/prelude.ail.json` contains
   `class Show a where show : (a borrow) -> Str` (bare class name,
   bare method name, intra-prelude canonical form) and four primitive
   instances Int/Bool/Str/Float. The mono pass synthesises
   `show__Int|Bool|Str|Float`. The 22b-Show fixture corpus is migrated
   to `TShow`/`tshow`; `cargo test --workspace` green. DESIGN.md
   §"Prelude (built-in) classes" amended to include Show with the four
   instances.

2. **24.3 has landed:** `examples/prelude.ail.json` contains
   `fn print : forall a. Show a => (a borrow) -> () !IO` with the
   explicit-let body (or implicit-let if the implementer ratifies the
   surface-form simplification per Open Commitment carryforward). The
   mono pass synthesises `print__Int|Bool|Str|Float` for each call
   site at a primitive type, plus `print__<UserType>` for each
   user-instance call site. Positive / user-ADT / negative E2E green.
   DESIGN.md §"Prelude (built-in) classes" lists `print` as the
   polymorphic helper; §"Float semantics" gains the Show Float
   NaN-spelling cross-reference paragraph.

3. **Tests pass:** `cargo test --workspace` green; existing milestone
   23 prelude fixtures (`ne`/`lt`/`le`/`gt`/`ge` E2E) unchanged; mq.3
   E2E fixtures (`mq3_two_show_*`, `mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq*`)
   unchanged.

4. **Bench regression ratified:** `bench/check.py && bench/compile_check.py && bench/cross_lang.py`
   exit 0 or audit-ratified with journal entry.

5. **Roadmap update:** P1 "Post-22 Prelude — Show + print rewire"
   entry flips to `[x]`. New P2 entry: "Retire `io/print_int|bool|float`
   effect-ops + migrate example corpus to `print`".

## Out of scope (deferred, with substantive rationale)

Unchanged from the original spec; condensed summary:

- **Retiring `io/print_int|bool|float`.** Queued P2; same call as
  milestone 23 made for `==` / `eq`.
- **`io/print_str` retirement.** Stays — load-bearing inside `print`,
  plus useful as a bypass when an Str is already in hand.
- **`bool_to_str` as schema-`if`.** Stays as runtime primitive;
  phi-of-static-Str through drop-elision is not ratified.
- **`str_clone` as rc_header bump.** Stays as always-copy; runtime
  static-Str/heap-Str tagging is deliberately not supported post-hs.2.
- **`Show Ordering` instance.** No demand; user can declare.
- **`Show` for ADTs via `deriving`.** No auto-derivation; substantive
  feature in its own right.
- **Higher-kinded Show (`Show [a]`).** Decision 11 axis 5 excludes
  higher-kinded class params; LLM-natural pattern is per-type
  instances.
- **`print` newline-free variant.** Deferred until a concrete
  LLM-author pattern demands it.
- **Operator routing through `Show`.** No commitment; AILang has no
  Haskell-style monadic operator surface.

## Open commitments (24.2 / 24.3 implementer)

- **`print` implicit-let vs. explicit-let** — implementer verifies the
  desugarer's behaviour during 24.3 Task 1; if implicit-let is the
  realised semantics for `Term::App` in effect-op-arg position, the
  prelude source form may use the more compact
  `\x -> do io/print_str (show x)`. Load-bearing property: "the
  heap-Str returned by `show x` has a tracked let-binder when entering
  the effect-op call site"; sourcing is surface-level.

- **Negative-test diagnostic wording.** Implementer drafts the
  Show-aware `NoInstance Show <T>` message; orchestrator reviews in
  spec-compliance phase.

- **22b-migration mechanical-pass scope.** Implementer verifies during
  24.2 Task 1 that the rename target set is exactly the 14 fixtures
  surfaced by `grep -l '"name": "Show"' examples/test_22b*_*.ail.json`
  plus the two `typeclass_22b{2,3}.rs` files. If a 22b fixture turns
  out to use `Show` as part of a substring (e.g. inside an ADT
  constructor name like `"ShowValue"`), the implementer flags and
  spot-checks rather than blindly sed-ing. (Quick visual scan above
  shows only class names + method names + cross-module class refs;
  no constructor-name false positives.)

- **mq3 fixture preservation.** The 7 `mq3_*` fixtures created in
  mq.3 INTENTIONALLY do NOT migrate. Implementer confirms they stay
  unchanged and continue to pin two-Show-coexisting and
  class-vs-fn-collision behaviour.

## Known costs

- **24.2 prelude additions:** `examples/prelude.ail.json` +40–50 lines
  (one class + four instances, JSON shape parallel to existing Eq
  Int/Bool/Str instances). DESIGN.md amendment ~10 lines.

- **24.2 22b-migration:** ~14 `.ail.json` files (~3-5 string subs
  each), 2 Rust test files (~80 string subs total). Net LOC change
  zero (pure rename); review-burden non-trivial because of fixture
  count.

- **24.3 prelude additions + tests:** `examples/prelude.ail.json` +30
  lines (one polymorphic free fn). Three new E2E `.ail.json` fixtures,
  ~40 lines each. Diagnostic test ~20 lines Rust. DESIGN.md amendments
  ~20 lines.

- **Net code reduction:** none. Additive milestone. Reduction comes in
  the P2 follow-up (~−150 LOC retiring the three per-type effect-ops).

- **Compile-time shift:** mono pass gains four instance-method
  synthesis targets plus one free-fn target per call site. Bounded,
  expected within bench tolerance; audit-ratified post-24.3.

- **Runtime cost on `print x`:**
  - `x : Int` — one `int_to_str` alloc (~3-20 bytes) + rc_dec.
  - `x : Bool` — one `bool_to_str` alloc (5-6 bytes) + rc_dec.
  - `x : Str` — one `str_clone` alloc + memcpy + rc_dec. **Strictly
    worse** than `do io/print_str x`; redundancy acknowledged.
  - `x : Float` — one `float_to_str` alloc + rc_dec.

## Load-bearing assumptions about current behaviour

Each assumption is something this spec relies on as currently-true.

1. **mq.2/.3 dispatcher.** `crates/ailang-check/src/lib.rs::resolve_method_dispatch`
   implements the 5-step rule (qualifier → singleton → type-driven
   filter → constraint-driven filter → Multi). `refine_multi_candidate_residual`
   applies the discharge-time refinement with the rigid-var
   type-unification leg added by mq.tidy T1. Bare method names route
   correctly through both call sites. Pinned by
   `crates/ailang-check/tests/method_dispatch_pin.rs`.

2. **Inverse method index.** `Env.method_to_candidate_classes` is
   populated workspace-globally and is the authoritative source for
   "which classes declare method M". Pinned by
   `crates/ailang-check/tests/method_collision_pin.rs`.

3. **`class_methods` tuple-keyed.** `class_methods` is keyed by
   `(QualifiedClass, MethodName)` post-mq.3 retirement of the global
   pre-pass; two classes can declare the same method name without
   collision. Pinned by `mq3_class_method_shadowed_by_fn_warning_fires`
   and `crates/ail/tests/mq3_multi_class_e2e.rs`.

4. **mq.1 canonical-form for class refs.** Class refs in
   `InstanceDef.class`, `Constraint.class`, `SuperclassRef.superclass`,
   and `Type::Con.name` follow: bare for same-module, `<module>.<Class>`
   for cross-module. Pinned by the in-crate `bare_cross_module_class_ref_fires`
   and `bad_cross_module_class_ref_fires` tests in
   `crates/ailang-core/src/workspace.rs` (the `#[cfg(test)] mod tests`
   block around lines 2783-2860) plus the on-disk mq.1 fixture corpus
   (`examples/mq1_xmod_constraint_class{,_dep}.ail.json`).

5. **`int_to_str`, `float_to_str`, `bool_to_str`, `str_clone`** —
   installed in `builtins.rs` with `ret_mode: Own`, lowered in
   `Emitter::lower_app` via direct extern calls, RC-disciplined
   end-to-end. The latter two shipped in 24.1 at `f38bad8`. Pinned by
   `crates/ail/tests/e2e.rs::{int,bool,str_clone}_*_drop_balances_rc_stats`
   plus the builtins-side signature-install tests in
   `crates/ailang-check/src/builtins.rs`'s `#[cfg(test)] mod tests`.

6. **`io/print_str`** lowers to `@puts(ptr)` and accepts any Str
   realisation via the heap-Str-compatible consumer ABI per
   DESIGN.md §"Str ABI". Effect-op args walk in `Position::Borrow`
   per eob.1.

7. **`drop_symbol_for_binder` Str carve-out.** Emits the correct
   rc-dec for Str let-binders regardless of static-Str / heap-Str
   underlying realisation; codegen-time elision ensures static-Str
   pointers do not reach `ailang_rc_dec`.

8. **`Type::Forall` round-trip.** Form-A parser + canonicaliser +
   printer round-trip `Type::Forall` with `constraints` bit-stable.
   Pinned by milestone 23's `ne`/`lt`/`le`/`gt`/`ge` prelude entries.

9. **Mono pass body walker.** `mono.rs::collect_mono_targets`
   schedules targets for both class-method residuals and polymorphic
   free-fn calls in one fixpoint pass; pinned by 23.4's
   `cmp_max_smoke` proof.

10. **Auto-loaded prelude.** `examples/prelude.ail.json` is auto-loaded
    per 23.1's `check_workspace` extension; new prelude defs are
    visible to every workspace without explicit `import`. The
    pre-existing `"prelude" is reserved` loader-side error confirms
    auto-injection.

11. **22b user-Show fixtures structurally identical.** All 14
    target fixtures declare `class Show {methods: ["show"]}` with
    `(a) -> Str` signature, and any instance declarations
    use type-shape that collides with prelude.Show's at the
    type-driven filter level. Empirical grep above ratifies the
    structural-identity assumption.

12. **mq3 fixtures intentionally exercise multi-Show.** `mq3_two_show_*`
    and `mq3_class_eq_vs_fn_eq*` fixtures use Show class names in
    their own modules deliberately to exercise post-mq dispatch; they
    do NOT migrate in 24.2.